简易房屋的地震灾害经济损失评估

国家标准《地震现场工作第4部分:灾害直接损失评估》(GB/T18208.4-2005)对现行地震现场灾害损失评估的规定进行了适当调整。云南地区震灾多、损失重,因此,选择以云南为例,有针对性地讨论了调整内容。结合云南的具体情况阐述了简易房屋的概念及其破坏等级的划分;介绍了简易房屋地震灾害损失评估的方法、原理,着重介绍了破坏比、损失比、房屋重置单价和建筑面积等计算参数的获取方法;按国家标准对2005年8月5日会泽5.3级地震中简易房屋的经济损失进行了模拟评估,并分析讨论了引起经济损失值差异的原因。     

新疆森林公园的分布及旅游开发初探

新疆森林公园的分布以山地为主,平原为辅,主要集中在天山北坡和阿尔泰山;树种等资源在山地主要有雪岭云杉,新疆落叶松,新疆冷杉等针叶林,平原则主要以胡杨、灰杨等荒漠湖岸林为主,并分布着多种新疆特色的灌木,新疆森林公园起步较晚,但数量稳步增长,并已根据不同层次的需求,进行旅游开发建设,发展势头良好。通过对新疆森林公园的数量、级别、面积及建设时间等基本情况进行分析,进一步对新疆森林公园的现状及功效分析,得出进一步更好的发展森林公园的必要性。最后,提出抓住森林公园“天然养吧”等资源优势,结合龙头景区,因地制宜开发建设,并在开展旅游活动中突出地方特色,不断完善森林公园管理规范,实现资源永续利用的发展建议。     

新变种矿物——铌铁锐钛矿及其共生矿物钕易解石

铌铁锐钛矿是含铌、铁的锐钛矿变种。呈土黄色、褐棕色,板状或土粒状。反射率589nm,15.9％,显微硬度H_v=275.9kg/mm~2。计算比重4.4g/cm~3。主要化学成分Nb_2O_534.92—44.3％,TiO_2 29.38—37.58％,Fe_2O_3 14.94—17.19％。化学式:(Ti_(0.44)Nb_(0.31)Fe_(0.25))_(1.00)O_2X射线分析表明该矿物属四方晶系,α=3.828±0.002,c=9.682±0.009,空间群I4_1/amd,Z=4。 共生矿物钕易解石,深红色者变生现象轻微;浅黄色钕易解石与铌铁锐钛矿可能形成于稍晚、较低温度条件下的矿化过程。     

国家气象中心数值预报业务的进展

在最近的１５年中，国家气象中心的数值预报业务高速度发展，预报模式从北半球模式发展为全球谱模式，并配套建立了资料同化系统和用于降水预报的有限区预报模式，暴雨和台风预报模式正在研制中。目前数值预报时效已延至７天，Ｔ６３９３丙上时的预报水平已优于的数值预报产品的应用技术在不断改进，最高（低）气温下两天ＭＯＳ预报精度已接近预报员制作的综合预报结果。     

从景观生态学构建城市旅游开发与规划的操作模式

本文尝试建立一个关于旅游开发与规划的应用理论模式,以兼顾理论的抽象性和操作性。模式的构建依据地理空间分析方法,同时借用景观生态学斑、廊、基的概念。文中详细论述了该斑廊基网络结构操作模式的基本特点、变换空间分析方法等运行机制,并以不同城市旅游规划、设计实例说明三大操作块的功能和操作意义。     

A critical analysis of processes governing the nutrient profiles in the ocean

We have theoretically considered the problem of interpretation of nutrient profiles in the upper ocean (100–2000m). We compare the experimental depth profiles of nonconservative tracers, both stable and radioactive, with solutions of one-dimensional steady state transport equations of increasing complexity including situations not encountered in the real oceans. Apart from gaining insight into the nutrient transport processes, this analysis is useful in offering a way to obtain operational estimates of depth dependent/independent eddy diffusivity and dissolution fluxes in the ocean. These parameters are essential for estimating new production, total production and burial of carbon in the sediments.     

Multifacetted study of a cretaceous coal with algal affinities—II. Composition of liquefaction products

Two hydrogen-rich lithobodies of highly alipathic character from a coal occurring in southwest Utah, have been studied. Bituminite (>50%), vitrinite (25–30%) and liptodetrinite (7–12%) are the principal macerals. The hexane-soluble products of hydrogenating the lithotypes at 400° with tetralin and hydrogen have been analyzed by GC-MS. Products identified include homologous series of alkylated naphthalenes, phenols, furans, cyclohexenones and hydroxy-pyridines. In the case of furans, the alkyl groups extend beyond C₃₀. Materials released by Soxhlet extraction with pyridine consist chiefly of homologous series of fatty acids and their methyl esters and of methyl alkyl ketones, which were not found in the hydrogenation products. The long alkyl chains in these substances can account for about 75% of the alkanes found in the hydrogenation products but not in the extracts. Most of the compounds mentioned in the foregoing are thought to be physically held or trapped in the coal, rather than chemically combined in its macromolecular network. Except for the fatty acids, the origins of these substances are difficult to identify.     

Pyrolysis of immature Torbanite and of the resistant biopolymer (PRB A) isolated from extant alga Botryococcus braunii. Mechanism of formation and structure of torbanite

Immature Torbanite and the resistant biopolymer (PRB A) isolated from extant B. braunii were previously compared using bulk spectroscopic methods. In the present work, analysis of 400°C pyrolysis products and pyrolysis residues provided further information on their structure and possible relationships. It appears that such polymers are based upon unbranched, saturated, cross-linked hydrocarbon chains up to C₃₁. In addition to these bridging structures, a substantial part of the alkyl chains is singly bound, as esters of unbranched, saturated or cis unsaturated, even fatty acids. These esters are sterically protected, against chemical degradations, by the network of the bioand geopolymer.Quantitative and qualitative observations derived from 400°C pyrolysis confirm that the chemical structure of PRB A and immature Torbanite are closely related. The pyrolysis residues show a similar evolution and numerous common features are noted, with respect to the nature and the distribution of the major constituents of the pyrolysates (hydrocarbons and fatty acids). Accordingly, Botryococcus provides what seems to be the first example of a close structural relationship between a biopolymer produced in large amounts by an extant alga and the geopolymer of an immature kerogen. The essential role of PRB A in Torbanite formation is ascertained. Moreover, it is found that the resistant biopolymer does not undergo important structural changes during the first stages of diagenesis. Thus, owing to steric protection, the esters of immature Torbanite show a distribution quite close to the one of PRB A esters, with exclusively even constituents and a large contribution of unsaturated acids.Recent observations pointed to the possible genesis of some algal kerogens principally by selective preservation of resistant macromolecules. Such a type of formation is clearly predominant in Torbanite, where the bulk of the fossil organic matter corresponds to a selectively preserved and weakly altered, resistant biopolymer, while incorporation of lipids into the kerogen structure during diagenesis seems to play a minor role.     

用现代企业制度改造和重塑多种经营企业加快发展部门产业经济

地勘经济改革的战略思想是建设适应社会主义市场经济的新体制，将现有的地勘队伍组建为＂地质找矿的野战军＂和＂实行企业化的地方军＂．分别按事业机制和企业机制运行。如何实现地勘单位（地方军）的企业化，笔者认为首先必须用现代企业制度改造和重塑现有的多种经营企业，并分析了困难和有利条件，提出了相应的对策和措施，使多种经营企业真正成为符合现代企业制度要求的经济实体。加快发展部门产业经济，才能逐步推进地勘单位的企业化。     

地球数字产品的空间数学基础

在分析当前地球数字产品空间数学基础局限性的基础上,将地图投影概念由传统的曲面到平面的变换扩展为曲面到曲面的变换,提出一套适合于大型GIS和地球数字产品的“地图投影”模型的实用模型,该模型的视图采用等距离切圆柱投影,度量空间是椭球面几何系统,符合计算机环境下GIS视图与度量空间分离的特性。鉴于全球多分辨率连续可视化,精密可视化量算,三维、多维地球数据统一,标准的空间定位框架和只有在统一的空间系统内全球资源、生态环境数据才能进行精确的地理分析等四个方面的需要,从地图投影进到本模型将是方向和技术趋势。