中国城市贫困的空间差异特征

本文研究了2007-2011年间中国352个地级及以上城市贫困的空间演化、分布的差异特征。结果显示：近5年来贫困人口总量略有增长,贫困人口分布整体呈现均衡化趋势;从区域看,西部地区的城市贫困人口集聚加剧,贫困加深区较多;从城市看,小城市、资源型城市和少数民族聚居型城市是构成贫困加深区的主要类型。2011年,贫困发生率自东向西逐渐升高,中小城市、资源型城市和少数民族聚居型城市相对拥有更高的贫困发生率。进一步分析,东北地区资源型城市呈现高人均GDP和高贫困发生率的“隐藏性贫困”,西南地区部分少数民族聚居型城市呈现低人均GDP和相对低贫困发生率的“特殊性低贫”。未来国家反贫困政策应该充分考虑城市的区位、资源条件、人口规模和构成特征,重点关注贫困加深地区的中小城市、资源型城市和少数民族聚居型城市,并解决经济发展和贫困之间的特殊关系。     

蓝绿空间暴露对老年人健康的邻里影响

利用2018年广州社区问卷数据、遥感影像、城市街景、环境污染等多元数据,提取多种蓝绿空间指标,并使用多层模型、中介效应模型和倾向值匹配法,探讨中国城市背景下蓝绿空间暴露影响老年人健康的“生物?心理?社会”邻里影响路径和机制,以及对不同社会阶层间的差异。研究发现,社区层面的蓝绿空间暴露与老年人的身心健康均存在显著相关;周围蓝绿空间程度通过促进体育锻炼、缓解压力提升老年人的身体健康,可达性通过促进社会交往提升老年人的心理健康;蓝绿空间暴露对老年人健康的影响在不同阶层间存在差异。为健康老龄化、健康城市建设提供科学参考。     

Hamilton无爪图的一个充分条件

设Ｇ是阶为ｎ，连通度ｋ的简单无爪图，证明了如果对每一个阶为ｋ＋１的独立集Ｓ中的每一对点，ｕｖ，都有│Ｎ（ｕ）∪Ｎ（ｖ）│≤ｎ－ｋ－Δ（Ｓ），则Ｇ是Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ图。     

Rural Poverty Patterns and Influencing Factors in Yunnan Province,China: Based on County Level Dataset基于县域数据的云南省农村贫困格局及其影响因素研究

The identification of poverty at the county level is the precondition for poverty alleviation by formulating accurate strategies that are targeted for a certain area. Yunnan Province has the largest number of poverty counties in China. The vast number of people living under the poverty-line,and the deep degree of poverty across a wide distribution range,pose major challenges. Based on the rural poverty incidence data,this paper describes the rural poverty patterns in Yunnan Province in 2010 and 2015,and then it explores the main factors which influence the incidence and changes in rural poverty at the county level in Yunnan Province using a stepwise regression analysis method. This study found that the rural poverty in counties of Yunnan Province was deeply affected by natural conditions and the geographical environment. In 2010 and 2015,the rural poverty situation in the middle region of Yunnan Province was relatively light,while it was more serious in the northwest,northeast and south regions. The pattern of county poverty is in good agreement with the topography and landforms of Yunnan Province and the poverty-stricken areas. There are strong correlations between the incidence of rural poverty in Yunnan Province with both the annual per capita net income of rural residents and the degree of agricultural mechanization. These factors are related to the living standards and agricultural production necessary for the peasantry to sustain their livelihood. The change in the incidence of rural poverty at the county level in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2015 is significantly correlated with changes in the value-added of the primary industries and the degree of agricultural mechanization. These correlations indicate that the development of primary industry plays a key role in the process of lifting rural residents in Yunnan Province out of poverty so they can achieve prosperity. Therefore,improving the annual per capita net income of rural residents and the degree of agricultural mechanization for rural areas in Yunnan Province are still the main points for focused efforts. In the current phase of poverty alleviation,Yunnan Province should emphasize increasing rural residents' income and agricultural production and management in order to formulate effective policies and measures for poverty alleviation.

对县域农村贫困的认识是扶贫开发精准施策的基本前提。云南省是我国贫困县数量最多的省份,贫困人口多、分布范围广、贫困程度深、扶贫难度大。本文基于农村贫困发生率数据刻画了2010年和2015年云南省县域农村贫困格局,并运用逐步回归分析探索影响云南省县域层面农村贫困发生率及其变化的主要因素。研究发现,云南省县域农村贫困受自然条件和地理环境的影响颇深,2010年和2015年,在空间上均呈现出中部地区贫困程度较轻,西北、东北和南部地区贫困程度较深的整体格局,县域贫困格局与云南省地形地貌、集中连片特困区有较强的吻合性;云南省县域农村贫困发生率与农村居民年人均纯收入和农业机械化程度有较强相关性,这两个指标关系到农村居民生活水平和维持生计的农业生产情况;2010-2015年,云南省县域农村贫困发生率的变化与第一产业增加值和农业机械化程度显著相关,说明第一产业的发展在云南省县域农村居民脱贫致富的过程中起到关键作用。因此,对云南省农村地区而言,农民年人均纯收入以及农业生产水平的提高仍是其脱贫解困的主攻方向,云南省在脱贫攻坚阶段应重点围绕农民增收和农业生产经营两方面制定有效的扶贫政策措施。     

结合像元空间邻域信息的高光谱影像分类

针对传统的光谱角匹配分类算法仅考虑光谱信息,导致混合像元易出现错分和分类结果中出现"麻点"等问题,该文考虑地物连续性这一特点,提出了一种结合像元空间邻域信息对光谱角进行修正的光谱角匹配分类算法。该方法不仅保留了传统光谱角度匹配算法不受增益因素影响和减弱地形对照度影响等优点,并且减小了混合像元被错分的概率。基于ROSIS获取的Pavia大学校园的高光谱影像分类结果表明:加入像元空间邻域信息后的光谱角匹配算法在保证分类精度的同时,有效地减弱了分类结果中的"麻点"现象,验证了该文方法的可行性、有效性。     

气候资源区划及其在精准扶贫中的作用——以旺苍县为例

四川省气候中心利用部门自身的科技优势,对四川省气象局精准扶贫联系指导帮扶县——旺苍县的风能、太阳能资源进行评估分析,提出风能、太阳能利用开发建议;其次对旺苍县四大扶贫主导产业中的茶叶、核桃、猕猴桃从气候适宜性角度分析,划分出最适宜区、较适宜区和不适宜区,为大力发展茶叶、核桃、猕猴桃种植产业提供科学指导;最后对主要的气象灾害暴雨及其次生的地质灾害进行风险区划分析,为迁民避灾,气象灾害防治规划等提供参考。为了切实发挥气象服务在贫困地区脱贫摘帽过程中“趋利避害、减灾增收”的独特作用,应寻找贫困地区优势气候资源形成特色产业,并减少自然灾害在脱贫攻坚中的不确定因素。研究为气象助力精准扶贫提供了新的模式。     

邻域空间检验技术在集合降水预报检验中的应用

常规降水检验受空间及时间微小差异所带来的\"双重惩罚\"影响严重,邻域空间检验FSS(Fraction Skill Score)方法在确定性预报中已体现出弥补这一不足的明显优势.随着集合预报分辨率的不断提高,集合降水预报同样存在与确定性预报相似的问题.本研究将FSS方法拓展至集合预报领域,构建适用于集合预报的降水空间检验指...     

Does Ski Tourism Improve the Regional Economy? The Case Study of Chongli,China

Chongli is one of the venues for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. Since 2009, the government of Chongli has emphasized the development of a tourism strategy, which gradually contributed to alleviating regional poverty. With data collected from 2009 to 2019, ski tourism and the regional economy in Chongli were analyzed using the Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD) Model. This analysis indicated, first, there were three stages in the relationship between ski tourism and the regional economy in Chongli, including weak coordination (2009-2011), starting coordination (2012-2015), and strong coordination (2016-2019). Second, sport tourism, such as ski tourism, is likely to contribute to the regional economy and alleviate poverty. Third, the case of Chongli illustrates that policy and sports events are significant for helping a place to develop sports tourism, in addition to making full use of local resources. Finally, the development of skiing tourism has had a positive impact on citizens’ and farmers’ incomes, though it may have impacted citizens more. This research suggests that regional resources are essential for the development of sport tourism and the promotion of regional economies. Developing regions should seize the bonus period of sports events and policies. More attention should be paid to the differences between urban citizens and farmers in order to establish a better redistribution system. Considering the climatic factors, more studies need to analyze the sustainability of ski tourism in developing regions.     

基于局部空间统计分析的SPOT 5影像分类

受同物异谱和异物同谱现象的影响,对遥感影像进行分类时若仅利用光谱信息则分类精度的提高将会受到限制,而局部空间统计特征可以通过对地物空间聚集度的描述与分析在一定程度上减轻这种影响。本文研究了局部空间统计在不同指数（Moran’sI,Getis-OrdGi,Geary’sC）、邻域规则和间隔距离下,对高空间分辨率的SPOT5影像分类精度的影响规律。首先,对波段1进行局部空间统计分析,运算结果作为纹理波段添加到原始的光谱波段中;然后,综合利用光谱波段和纹理波段进行监督分类;最后,选取测试样本进行分类的精度评价,并比较分析不同条件下的分类精度,得到地物分类精度同参数之间的关系与规律。通过分析可以得出Getis-OrdGi指数对于总体分类精度的提高最理想,总体分类精度从87.74%提高到95.12%。     

市场转型期中国大城市低收入社区住房分异研究

基于2007年在广州、武汉、西安3个大城市的低收入社区开展的大型入户调查数据,在社区尺度探究了中国大城市低收入社区中不同社会经济群体间的住房分异情况,并分析了在社会经济转型背景下的制度因素(如户口、邻里类型、雇主类型等)和市场因素（如社会群体、年龄、受教育程度、家庭收入、职业等）对住房产权和居住条件的影响。通过计算泰尔指数发现,大城市低收入社区中不同群体间和群体内的住房分异情况都较显著,但群体内部的差异较群体间的差异更为明显。对住房条件的多元回归分析结果表明,低收入社区不同社会群体的住房条件在不同程度上受到制度因素和市场因素的影响。制度因素对住房面积等难以在短时间内改变的住房条件的作用较市场因素更显著,而市场因素对于住房设施等较易改变的住房条件的影响要比制度因素明显。