Exile and exclusion: The legacy of soviet forestry for villages in the north of Perm oblast

This paper explores the relationship between the forestry enterprises (leskhozi) and the inhabitants of forestry villages in the northern rayony of Perm oblast, Russian Federation in the context of the `new regional geography'. These relationships are compared with those identified between peasant farmers and collective and state farms post-1991, and a theory of the cultivation of these relationships as a coping mechanism for both households and enterprises facing difficult economic circumstances is advanced. The situation in the northern rayony is contextualised through discussion of the settlement and development history of the region, which was a recipient of forced and voluntary labour migration during the Soviet period. The paper concludes that in accordance with recent theories of post-communist regional development, the experience of transition in the northern rayony of Perm oblast is determined at least in part by its social and economic context. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Spatial Segregation of the Poor in Southern California: A Multidimensional Analysis

Poverty segregation increased in Southern California during the 1990s. A comparison of four indices reflecting various dimensions of segregation (e.g., evenness, concentration, isolation, and clustering) suggests that poor people are increasingly concentrated and isolated. However, cities within the region experienced different levels and types of segregation, with significant changes over time. Regression analysis using 1990 and 2000 census data highlights the role of demographic, economic, and fiscal variables in explaining the changing landscape of poverty. Whereas historically poor and older cities have seen a rise in poverty that translated into an increase in concentration and isolation, newer suburban communities have evolved differently. Cities where poverty has been high and increasing often maintained a high level of clustering and unevenness, but experienced higher levels of concentration and clustering in 2000. In contrast, wealthier cities typically faced a rise in unevenness and clustering as small pockets of poverty population emerged in the midst of high-income neighborhoods.     

当代非洲城市化的动因与困境

非洲的城市人口已经正在以年均超过4%的增长率增长,居世界首位,其中个别城市甚至还要高。对文献的回顾显示,贫困、非正规经济或类似经济的增长与发展已经成为撒哈拉以南非洲国家城市化的一个不可分割的部分。结论是快速城市化是非洲政府所面临的最紧迫的管理挑战。并且,要在致力于解决当前问题的同时,创造使城市成为经济增长和发展的更有效中心的政策环境。城市必须是可控制的、适于居住的、以及经济上可望成功的。     

Causes of Forest Encroachment: An Analysis of Bangladesh

Deforestation is a major cause of environmental degradation. Tropical countries with huge population pressure and widespread poverty are main frontier of deforestation. Bangladesh, being one the most densely populated country with diminishing tropical forestland, supports lowest per capita forestland. The forests are depleting mainly due to illegal logging and conversion to non-forestry uses. In this paper encroachment of forestland by individuals has been dealt with. The socioeconomic causes and pattern of encroachment have been analyzed. Limited land availability and unemployment have been identified as the major proximate causes of encroachment and, if no measures are adopted within next three decades the existing natural forests might be encroached.Part of thesis of the first author submitted for the partial fulfillment of the Master of Science in Forestry in the Khulna University, Bangladesh in 2001 (Iftekhar, 2001). Some of the findings have been presented in the World Forestry Congress XIII, Canada, held from 21 to 28 September 2003 (Iftekhar et al., 2003).     

Labor Market Marginalization of Youth in San Antonio,Texas

Poverty among inner‐city residents is associated with their marginal status in the labor market. Marginalization in the labor market begins during youth when important educational and employment decisions are made. Analysis of 1990 U.S. Census tract data for San Antonio, Texas identifies the lack of a high school diploma, poverty, non‐employment, and non‐enrollment in school as conditions of marginality for youth. Spatial patterns of youth labor market marginalization show concentrations in the inner city and in sectors on the West, South, and Eastside. Regression analysis reveals that levels of youth marginalization are associated with neighborhood context represented by the employment, behavioral, and ethnic characteristics of the overall residential population of a census tract.     

Housing differentiation and housing poverty in Chinese low-income urban neighborhoods under the confluence of State-market forces

ABSTRACT

Based on a large-scale household survey conducted in six large Chinese cities, this study is among the first attempts to juxtapose factors related to institution, market, and demography to examine the complex patterns and mechanisms of housing differentiation and housing poverty in low-income neighborhoods, which are conventionally conceived as homogenous substandard settlements. Results of Theil indices and multivariate regression models convey several interesting findings. First, the forces of the market and the State have projected different impacts on various aspects of housing status. Institutional factors had significant impacts on some costly and durable housing indicators such as housing tenure and housing area, while market forces have swiftly transformed the most malleable aspects of housing conditions, such as housing facilities, and will eventually replace some institutional legacies. Second, within-group housing differentiation is more palpable than between-group housing differentiation, suggesting that low-income neighborhoods in large Chinese cities are fluid and heterogeneous. Third, different institutional elements have different impacts on housing poverty. The well-functioning market remuneration system helps reduce the risk of housing poverty, yet working poor remains a severe problem. These findings can inform policies promoting social mix and housing affordability.     

欠发达农区家庭贫困的动态转变分析——以河南省为例

精准扶贫战略实施以来,以收入标准衡量的农村贫困人口大幅下降,但贫困具有多维性、动态性的特点,开展农户贫困动态变化研究对新时期农村贫困的有效治理具有重要的指导意义。论文基于2010—2018年河南农村固定观察点数据,从收入、生活条件、教育3个维度构建农户多维贫困评价指标体系,并运用马尔科夫概率转移矩阵和面板Logit模型对贫困状态类型转移及家庭陷入贫困的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明：① 多维贫困比单维贫困(尤其是收入贫困)更能准确反映农区贫困状况;② 2010—2018年间,单维贫困发生率与多维贫困发生率之间差距不断扩大,这很大程度与教育贫困发生率大幅上升,而生活条件贫困、收入教育贫困和三维贫困明显下降有关;③ 单维贫困家庭更易转入教育贫困,多维贫困家庭更容易转入教育生活条件贫困;④ 农户贫困的发生是户主特征、家庭特征和村庄特征共同作用的结果,但不同类型贫困发生的影响因素有显著差异。与单维贫困发生相比,多维贫困发生受到更少因素的显著影响,并且各影响因素的作用更大。上述结论意味着新时期扶贫工作重点转向多维贫困的同时,应依据贫困类型制定具体扶贫措施,尤其重视教育等公共服务的供给。     

The Globalization of a Panethnopolis: Richmond District as the New Chinatown in San Francisco

This paper briefly reviews the sociological literature on the “New” Chinatown phenomenon stressing its structural location vis-à-vis the “Old” Chinatown and the homeland. It defines the New Chinatown as a panethnopolis, that is a global neighborhood with a majority population of Chinese immigrants and of other ethnic groups of mostly Asian descent. It analyzes more particularly the formation, development, and integration of San Francisco’s Richmond District’s New Chinatown into both the city where it is located and the network of transglobal sites to which it belongs. It provides an interpretation of the New Chinatown as a cultural enclave within the context of globalization theory.     

Adaptation and poverty reduction in Mozambique: an opportunity for developing countries to lead§

Climate change disproportionately impacts the world’s poorest countries. A recent World Bank report highlighted that over 100 million people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty as a result of climate change. There is currently a lack of information about how to simultaneously address climate change and poverty. Climate change challenges provide an opportunity for those impacted most to come up with new and innovative technologies and solutions. This article uses an example from Mozambique where local and international partners are working side-by-side, to show how developing countries can simultaneously address climate change and poverty reduction using an ecosystem-based adaptation approach. Using ecosystem-based adaptation, a technique that uses the natural environment to help societies adapt to climate change, developing countries can lead the way to improve climate adaptation globally. This paradigm shift would help developing countries become leaders in ecosystem-based adaptation and green infrastructure techniques and has implications for climate policy worldwide.

POLICY RELEVANCE

The Paris Agreement resulting from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) in December 2015 was rightly lauded for its global commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions. However, COP 21 was also historic because of its call for non-party stakeholders to address climate change, inclusion of a global goal of ‘enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability’, and the United States’ commitment of $800 million to adaptation funding. The combination of recognizing the need for new stakeholders to commit to climate change adaptation, the large impact climate change will have on the developing world, and providing access to funds for climate change adaptation creates a unique opportunity for developing countries to pave the way in adaptation policies in practices. Currently, developing countries are creating National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) for the UNFCCC. Through including a strong component of ecosystem-based adaptation in NAPs, developing countries can shape their countries’ policies, improve local institutions and governments, and facilitate a new generation of innovative leaders. Lessons learned in places like Mozambique can help lead the way in other regions facing similar climatic risks.     

基于新型分层邻域阈值搜索法提高水下潜器重力匹配导航的匹配效率

本文开展了水下潜器重力匹配导航的匹配效率改善研究.第一,为克服传统TERCOM算法逐点遍历搜索效率较低的缺点,提出新型分层邻域阈值搜索法.其原理如下：首先,利用4格网间隔数进行粗搜索匹配;其次,为提高初始匹配点的选取标准设置4 mGal阈值（基准图上重力值与实测重力值之差）,对选取的若干粗搜索行最佳匹配点周围24邻域点进行取舍并匹配比较;最后,获得搜索范围内最佳匹配点.第二,综合考虑了重力场标准差、峰度系数、坡度标准差、粗糙度、信息熵等重力场主要特征参数,将其作为适配区优劣的分析依据.第三,在适配性良好的区域内,在保证水下导航精度的前提下,基于分层邻域阈值搜索法,以本文参数设置为例,水下潜器重力匹配导航的匹配效率提高约14.14倍.