索马里越赤道气流对西南雨季开始早晚的影响

利用1980～2019年青藏高原101个气象观测站的逐日降水量和气温数据,参考《中国雨季监测指标》,计算了雨季特征量（包括雨季开始期、结束期、持续时间、降水量和降水强度）,分析了青藏高原雨季特征量的气候特征,并讨论了雨季特征量的区域差异。结果表明：（1）青藏高原雨季开始期最早（晚）为5月2日（6月19日）,由高原东部向西部逐渐推进;结束期最早（晚）为9月15日（10月20日）,由高原西部向东部快速结束;青藏高原东部（西部）雨季持续时间超过5个月（不足3个月）。（2）青藏高原雨季开始期与持续时间的年际变化幅度空间分布特征基本一致,其中,藏东南和柴达木盆地变化幅度较大;雨季结束期（降水量）的变化幅度明显偏小（大）,雨季结束期变化幅度大（小）值区与降水量变化幅度小（大）值区相对应。（3）相比于雨季结束期,开始期与持续时间和降水量的关系更为密切,即雨季开始期早（晚）对应雨季持续时间长（短）和雨季降水量多（少）。（4）青藏高原雨季各特征量主要以唐古拉山（32.5° N）为界,呈现出南北反相的空间分布特征。相对于北部,南部雨季开始偏晚,结束早,持续时间短,降水量偏多、降水强度偏强。

     

中国政府的社会教育——中国气象局培训中心案例研究

社会教育作为与家庭教育和学校教育并列的三大教育体系之一,越来越受到人们的重视。文章研究了中国社会教育的历程和目前状况。重点研究了气象领域的科技教育和社会教育,以气象领域唯一国家级社会教育机构—中国气象局培训中心为案例,总结了我国气象社会教育特点。     

Feedback Mechanisms For The Atmosphere And Ocean Surface

Two kinds of feedback mechanisms in the coupling process between the atmosphere and ocean surface are identified in this paper. One is a negative feedback mechanism, which is effective in the dynamic interaction processes through momentum flux exchange. In this mechanism,the ocean extracts momentum from the atmosphere as a forcing field to generate waves, which decelerates atmospheric motions, lessening the intensity of synoptic systems. The second is a positive feedback mechanism, which is effective in the thermal interaction processes through heat flux exchange. This is a mechanism that is effective in the transport of sensible and latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere from the underlyingocean surface. As a result, the atmosphere obtains energy from the ocean, which intensifies atmospheric motions. For storm conditions typical of North Atlantic mid-latitudes, we consider these thermal and dynamical nteractions, the dominance of one over the other, and related implications for storm intensification.     

平流层-对流层相互作用研究进展：等熵位涡理论的应用及青藏高原影响

系统介绍了近年来应用等熵位涡理论研究平流层-对流层动力相互作用所发现的一些新的事实和机理,包括平流层冬季极涡振荡过程中平流层、对流层环流异常的时空传播特征,以及等熵质量理论框架下的平流层-对流层动力耦合机理,还介绍了影响平流层环流年际尺度异常的因子及影响过程。回顾了夏季青藏高原的热力作用所激发的负位涡强迫源对东亚及全球大气环流的影响。并基于对夏季高原周边等熵位涡经向输送垂直分布的诊断进一步说明,夏季青藏高原的存在使高原东缘及东亚地区成为平流层和对流层物质交换的独特区域,探讨了夏季青藏高原影响平流层-对流层动力耦合的一种重要途径及其影响全球气候的重要意义。     

风沙起动的随机性及其判别

风沙颗粒起动的判别标准的不一致,是造成目前关于颗粒起动风速研究成果不一致的重要因素之一。由于颗粒起动过程中,气流瞬时速度或瞬时切应力、颗粒在床面上的相对位置以及非均匀沙在特定的某个点的粒径是随机变量,所以风沙颗粒的起动具有随机性。这种随机性导致在实验观察中,风沙起动判别标准的不一致。借鉴泥沙起动研究的理论与成果,将风沙颗粒起动可分为个别起动、少量起动和大量起动,并给出泥沙研究中的判别标准,供风沙研究者参考。     

不同高度层水汽在MJO东传过程中的作用

利用ERA5资料驱动WRF模式对2007/2008年冬季热带大气中MJO的东传进行了研究。采用描述MJO特征较差的Grell 3D方案,对模式所有垂直层(Ndg_all)、低层(Ndg_low)、中层(Ndg_mid)和高层(Ndg_upp)的水汽进行了4次nudging试验。当模式中的水汽接近观测值时,模拟效果得到了很大提升,其中,Ndg_all表现最好。虽然Ndg_mid对MJO尺度的水汽剖面模拟较好,但Ndg_low和Ndg_upp在模拟MJO东传方面更有优势。Ndg_low在模拟MJO尺度的850 hPa纬向风和降水时效果最好,因为低层水汽对模拟MJO对流中心以东低层的凝结加热很重要。Ndg_upp在模拟OLR的东传时表现最好,因为Ndg_upp可以模拟出与MJO深层对流相关的湿度和云顶温度。这些结果表明,低层水汽在MJO东传过程中更为重要,观测到的MJO尺度的中层水汽大值区可能是伴随深对流出现的,而不是控制MJO东传的主要因素。

     

Electron density distribution and bond critical point properties for forsterite, Mg2 SiO4, determined with synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction data

A generalized X-ray scattering factor model experimental electron density distribution has been generated for the orthosilicate forsterite, using an essentially extinction and absorption free set of single crystal diffraction data recorded with intense, high energy synchrotron X-ray radiation (E=100.6 keV). A refinement of the model converged with an R(F)=0.0061. An evaluation of the bond critical point, bcp, properties of the distribution at the (3, –1) stationary points for the SiO and MgO bonded interactions, yielded values that agree typically within ~5%, on average, with theoretical values generated with quantum chemical computational strategies, using relatively robust basis sets. On the basis of this result, the modeling of the experimental distribution is considered to be adequate. As the bcp properties increase in magnitude, the MgO and SiO bonds decrease in length as calculated for a number of rock forming silicates. As asserted by Coppens (X-ray charge densities and chemical bonding. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997), large negative ²(r_c) values, characteristic of shared interactions involving first row atoms, may not be characteristic of closed shell covalent bonded interactions involving second row Si, P and S atoms bonded to O. This study adds new evidence to the overall relatively good agreement between theoretical bcp properties generated with computational quantum strategies, on the one hand, and experimental properties generated with single crystal high energy synchrotron diffraction data on the other. The similarity of results not only provides a basis for using computational strategies for studying and modeling structures, defects and the reactivity of representative structures, but it also provides a basis for improving our understanding of the crystal chemistry of earth materials and the character of the SiO bonded interaction.     

Early Cambrian alkaline volcanism on the southern margin of Laurentia: evidence in the volcaniclastic units from the Puerto Blanco Formation in the Caborca block,NW Mexico

ABSTRACT

Volcaniclastic units are exposed at the base of the Puerto Blanco Formation in the Caborca region, northwestern Mexico. The lower unit reveals the presence of Early Cambrian mafic volcanism in this region. It consists of a volcano-sedimentary sequence represented by tuffaceous conglomerates, agglomerates, lapillistones, tuffs, and altered mafic volcanic flows. Petrographic analysis classified the volcanic clasts as albite-sphene-calcite-actinolite granofels, with a moderate to intense hydrothermal alteration, precisely characterized by EPMA analysis. Albite-actinolite geothermometry indicates temperatures from 400 to 500°C, suggesting metamorphic conditions in the upper temperature greenschist facies. Geochemistry analysis shows a high TiO₂ basic–ultrabasic volcanism that originated the volcanic clasts. Rock protoliths were studied using immobile trace elements, which classified them as OIB-type alkaline basalts with the characteristic spider hump-shaped pattern, situated in an anorogenic intracontinental tectonic setting with enriched mantle signatures. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology shows metamorphic ages of 52.58 ± 2.0 and 91.67 ± 0.55 Ma, consistent with the emplacement of Laramidic granitoids identified in the region. Possible correlations of this alkaline volcanism include the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen and the late stages of the rifting of north western Laurentia represented in western United States.