长时间尺度下自然资源动态综合区划理论与实践研究——以青藏高原为例

自然资源综合区划是自然资源统一管理与利用的基础,其动态变化是自然资源合理可持续利用的重要科学依据。由于青藏高原海拔高、气候寒冷,分布着除极地以外的最大冰川遗迹,极端的环境和气候对自然资源分布影响较大。选取含冰川积雪在内的14个指标,基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,采用K-means聚类算法对自然资源综合指数进行空间聚类,采用“自上而下”演绎法和“自下而上”归纳法相结合确定研究区自然资源综合区划的等级和范围; 探讨了1990—2018年青藏高原综合区划的变化,分析了自然资源动态变化特征以及空间差异。研究成果清晰地认识了青藏高原的自然资源关系和演化趋势,为区划的多学科交叉应用提供案例。     

徐州城市规划区山体资源区划评价与保护对策

以徐州城市规划区山体资源调查研究成果为基础,结合山体资源自然属性和社会属性,构建了由3个目标层、5个约束层和10项指标层组成的山体资源保护区划评价指标体系;采用综合指数模型,将各山体单元按其权重进行空间代数叠加,将全区611个山体中的451个山体划分为山体资源重点保护区,160个山体划为山体资源一般保护区。提出编制山体资源保护规划、建立山体资源管理数据库以及丰富宣传方式等保护对策。     

河北滦平大兴沟高锶饮用天然矿泉水特征初步评价

河北滦平大兴沟饮用天然矿泉水是一处天然、优质高锶矿泉水,Sr体积质量达2.44 mg/L。通过水文地质测绘、物探、水文地质钻探、水质分析、抽水试验等方法,初步查明了该地区地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造发育特征以及泉水分布、埋藏、水量、水化学特征等水文地质条件,对该矿泉水特征进行了评价,为下一步矿泉水的勘查提供基础数据。大兴沟饮用天然矿泉水为滦平首次发现的高锶矿泉水,水质稳定,水量大,极具开发利用价值。     

南海北部陆坡高饱和度天然气水合物气源运聚通道控藏作用

气源运聚通道与天然气水合物富集成藏关系密切。利用准三维地震资料并结合钻探成果,深入研究了神狐海域GMGS3钻探区高饱和度水合物站位气源运移疏导通道地质地球物理特征及其控藏作用。结果表明:高饱和度水合物产出站位发育多种类型运移疏导通道,且与BSR空间耦合关系较好;紧邻BSR之下为强振幅反射,强振幅下部游离气体充注现象明显,表明水合物稳定域下部存在气体运移的通道,且深部气体向浅层发生了运移。深大断裂、底辟及气烟囱构成了沟通深部热解气及浅层生物气与浅层温压稳定域的垂向通道,在这些通道上方可以直接形成水合物;浅部滑塌面、水道砂及海底扇构成的高孔渗连续性砂体为浅层生物气及深部运移而来的部分热成因气横向运移通道,气体的侧向运移扩大了气体供给范围,增加了矿体横向展布规模。文章认为,天然气运移疏导系统与其他成藏要素匹配良好的构造和区域是勘探高饱和度水合物的有利目标。     

管外封隔器在涩北气田钻井中应用的可行性研究

环空气窜是几乎所有天然气井固井都存在的一个潜在问题。涩北气田是第四系中浅层气田,地层成岩性差,泥岩水化分散能力强,储层易分散,具有较强的压力敏感性和水敏特性;含气井段长,气水层间互,气层薄,层数多;地层岩石抗压强度低,致使水泥环第二界面的胶结强度极低,二界面质量难以提高,容易发生气窜、水窜和层间窜槽现象。为此,如何提高环形空间的密封性,提高固井质量,保证气井井筒完整性,成为了亟待解决的问题。针对该气田特殊的地质特点,分析了影响固井质量的因素,研究了固井工艺、防窜水泥浆体系和工艺措施应用的局限性,选择了管外封隔器来解决环空窜槽问题。分析结果表明,管外封隔器不但可以有效防止管外窜槽,而且可以提高固井质量和优化井身结构,保证气井安全和延长使用寿命。管外封隔器在涩北气田钻井中应用于防气窜和提高固井质量是切实可行的,具有很好的应用价值。     

Assessment of the tsunami hazard on the Russian coast based on a new catalogue of tsunamis in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov

We present the results of work on the compilation of a fuller and more comprehensive historical catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the basin of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, an area of primary importance for the Russian Federation. In the 20th century, there were no significant tsunamis in the Black Sea; therefore, its coast was not considered tsunami-prone. A systematic search for new data sources, a revision of earlier ones, and the use of new approaches to the identification of tsunamigenic events resulted in a more than doubling of the number of known tsunamigenic events in this basin, bringing it up to 50. The total length of the new tsunami catalogue reached 3000 years, which makes it the second longest after the Mediterranean tsunami catalogue (about 4000 years). Taking into account the seismotectonic features of the Black Sea region, we processed data on historical tsunamis and analyzed the geographical and temporal distributions of their sources. For all tsunamigenic events we performed a parameterization of available information about their sources and coastal manifestations, evaluated the tsunami intensity based on the Soloviev-Imamura scale, and proposed a classification of tsunami and tsunami-like water wave disturbances based on their genesis. Tsunami run-up heights, inland penetration, and damage were estimated with regard for the newly found data. Among the identified historical events, there are devastating tsunamis with run-ups of 4-5 m, sometimes up to 6-8 m, which resulted in disastrous consequences for several ancient cities (Dioscuria, Sebastopolis, Bizone, and Panticapaeum) and many coastal settlements. Expert assessments of the most tsunami-prone areas of the coasts are given.     

银额盆地哈日凹陷Y井油气地球化学特征与油气源对比

Y井是银额盆地哈日凹陷施钻的第一口揭示二叠系厚度较大的参数钻井,于二叠系试获天然气9.15×104m3/d(无阻流量),并产少量凝析油。在对Y井天然气及凝析油组分、同位素,以及凝析油生物标志化合物等分析的基础上,探讨了天然气和凝析油成因类型。结果表明,天然气为油型(腐泥型)凝析油伴生气,凝析油为高成熟腐泥型,生烃母质以水生生物为主,烃源岩演化进入高成熟阶段。将Y井凝析油与哈日凹陷周缘杭乌拉剖面出露的下二叠统埋汗哈达组烃源岩生物标志化合物特征进行对比,二者具有良好的亲缘关系,Y井凝析油及天然气源于二叠系,进一步证实了银额盆地石炭系—二叠系良好的油气资源前景。     

An alternative approach to determine critical angle of contrast reversal and surface roughness of oil slicks under sunglint

The critical angle is the angle at which the contrast of oil slicks reverse their contrasts against the surrounding oil-free seawater under sunglint. Accurate determination of the critical angle can help estimate surface roughness and refractive index of the oil slicks. Although it’s difficult to determine a certain critical angle, the potential critical angle range help to improve the estimation accuracy. In this study, the angle between the viewing direction and the direction of mirror reflection is used as an indicator for quantifying the critical angle and could be calculated from the solar/viewing geometry from observations of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The natural seep oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico were first delineated using a customized segmentation approach to remove noise and apply a morphological filter. On the basis of the histograms of the brightness values of the delineated oil slicks, the potential range of the critical angle was determined, and then an optimal critical angle between oil slicks and seawater was then determined from statistical and regression analyses in this range. This critical angle corresponds to the best fitting between the modeled and observed surface roughness of seep oil slicks and seawater.     

Analyzing the effect of earthquakes on OpenStreetMap contribution patterns and tweeting activities

ABSTRACT

Natural disasters, such as wildfires, earthquakes, landslides, or floods, lead to an increase in topical information shared on social media and in increased mapping activities in volunteered geographic information (VGI) platforms. Using earthquakes in Nepal and Central Italy as case studies, this research analyzes the effects of natural disasters on short-term (weeks) and longer-term (half year) changes in OpenStreetMap (OSM) mapping behavior and tweet activities in the affected regions. An increase of activities in OSM during the events can be partially attributed to those focused OSM mapping campaigns, for example, through the Humanitarian OSM Team (HOT). Using source tags in OSM change-sets, it was found that only a small portion of external mappers actually travels to the affected regions, whereas the majority of external mappers relies on desktop mapping instead. Furthermore, the study analyzes the spatio-temporal sequence of posted tweets together with keyword filters to identify a subset of users who most likely traveled to the affected regions for support and rescue operations. It also explores where, geographically, earthquake information spreads within social networks.     

移动点与参考地物时空关系的自然语言描述方法研究

基于分解-组合的思想,首先对移动点的运动轨迹进行细化,并分别对移动点与参考地物目标的时空拓扑关系进行描述,在此基础上综合考虑它们之间的方向关系和距离关系,并对自然语言时空关系进行定义和集成描述。最后,通过实例对移动点运动轨迹进行了自然语言描述和应用分析。文中实现的移动对象运动轨迹的形式化描述方法,可广泛应用于导航系统中,对时空查询、时空分析及时空推理等诸多问题的研究具有重要意义。