The Utility and Organization of a College Field Course: Examining National Park Management

Abstract

This article reviews the benefits of field-based instruction, particularly as it complements traditional classroom learning. It suggests that direct observation and hands-on learning associated with field-based instruction raise students' interest level and improve their understanding and long-term retention of targeted concepts. In addition, planning, implementation, and evaluation strategies are provided and recommendations are outlined for instructors interested in organizing or improving a field course at their learning institution. The park management field course offered between spring and summer semesters at Oklahoma State University provides an example of the major components of a successful field course.     

台湾地区国家公园建设与发展

自从 １９７２ 年台湾地区实施 “国家公园法”以来, 目前已建立了六大国家公园, 对保护台湾岛的特有自然风景、野生动物和历史文化发挥了重要作用。此外, 台湾地区国家公园还为发展旅游和研究生态学、地学提供了理想的场所。台湾有丰富的资源建立国家公园, 其规划除遵循国家公园的国际标准, 还针对台湾地区地景、生物多样性的特点进行国家公园的规划与建设。台湾地区国家公园规划的主要内容包括： （１） 资源调查与分析; （２） 自然保护与发展政策制订;（３） 国家公园系统规划; （４） 国家公园经营管理规划; （５） 旅游区规划与设施建设; （６） 国家公园生态保护、解说系统。     

Consideration of the genus Ginkgoites Seward and a redescription of two species from the Lower Cretaceous of Germany

Genera used for fossil ginkgoalean leafy shoots, especially Baiera F. Braun,Ginkgoites Seward and Ginkgo L., are discussed both in their historical context and in the light of recent discoveries. Use of Ginkgoites Seward as a form- or organ-genus for fossil leaves lacking associated reproductive structures is readopted. Two species, Ginkgoitesbrauniana (Dunker) comb. nov. and Ginkgoites pluripartita (Schimper) Seward, from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden facies of Germany, are rediagnosed and neotypes selected. The occurrence of G. pluripartita in the Lower Cretaceous of western Greenland, Montana, U S A, Canada and Siberia is confirmed.     

国家级油气资源数据库建设方案

针对油气资源信息中的海量数据处理、信息集成和综合利用等关键问题,提出了开发国家级油气资源数据库软件系统的整体设计方案。其中包括软件结构、功能结构、数据库结构以及基于C/S和B/S模式的数据库系统建设方案。阐述了应用Ajax技术实现B/S模式系统架构,使用自行开发的ETL工具解决C/S与B/S模式间多类数据的提取转换等关键问题。该设计方案用地理信息系统（GIS）的空间属性一体化技术解决问题。     

基于回声探测监测沉水植物盖度的插值方法研究:以杭州西湖沉水植物盖度监测为例

沉水植物作为水生态系统的重要组成成分,在水生态系统物质循环和能量流动中发挥着重要作用,其覆盖度和生物量是评价湖泊等浅水水体系统稳定性的关键参数随着高效和无损伤监测的回声探测仪在沉水植物盖度监测中的应用,其精确度算法也受到了越来越多的关注本研究以成功恢复沉水植物的浅水湖泊杭州西湖为研究对象,利用BioSonics便携型回声探测仪——MX采集沉水植物回声样本同时结合人工样方设置,采集与回声探测对应位点的沉水植物样本,验证回声探测结果的精确性通过建立回归模型分析回声探测得到的沉水植物体积百分比(PVI)与人工样方获得的对应平均鲜重关系,结果表明二者具有较好的相关性分别采用普通克里金法、反距离权重法、径向基函数法3种插值方法对同一季节的不同湖泊和同一湖泊的不同季节未采集区域沉水植物的盖度数据进行插值分析,并对插值结果进行交叉验证,以确定方法的精确度交叉验证结果表明,插值精确度反距离权重法径向基函数法普通克里金法研究结果为回声探测与插值分析方法结合在大尺度浅水水体中沉水植物监测应用提供了技术支撑.     

关于应用第二次土地调查成果联合开展农村宅基地权属调查及规范农民建房摸底调查的全新工作方法

以广州增城市为例,介绍了应用第二次土地调查成果联合开展农村宅基地权属调查及规范农民建房摸底调查的一种全新工作方法,通过实践应用,得出联合调查这一新方法可以极大地加快工作进度,提高成果质量,节约政府财政成本,减少扰民.     

Optimisation of underwater visual census and controlled angling methods for monitoring subtidal temperate reef fish communities

Standardised sampling protocols for monitoring fish stocks are essential to assess changes in stock status and provide a means to evaluate the effectiveness of fisheries management measures, such as marine protected areas (MPAs). This study aimed to optimise two standard sampling methods, namely underwater visual census (UVC) and controlled angling, for assessing subtidal reef fish communities. In terms of efficiency, variability and bias, UVC transects were found to be superior to point counts. For controlled angling, an effort of two angler-hours per fishing station provided low catch variability, high catch per unit effort and a representative catch. Whereas UVC provided less variable estimates of relative density, controlled angling provided greater sampling efficiency. It is thus recommended that the two methods be used in conjunction. The optimal sampling protocols identified are suitable for rapid assessments or long-term monitoring of subtidal, temperate reef fish communities.     

Nickel speciation in Sebertia acuminata,a plant growing on a lateritic soil of New Caledonia

Nickel speciation in a nickel hyperaccumulating plant (Sebertia acuminata) and its associated soil of southern New Caledonia was studied using various analytical methods. The soil is formed of iron oxides (goethite, hematite), which contain almost all the nickel. The available nickel is probably linked to the organic matter in the litter. Sebertia acuminata, acts as a nickel pump, and concentrates the metal in its leaves. It partitions nickel and silica; nickel is concentrated in the cells (probably in the vacuoles) as organometallic complexes, whereas silica forms the framework of the cells, and the phytolithes. A thorough study of these plants seems essential in order to define the soil–plant relations, and to propose appropriate ways for ecological restoration. To cite this article: N. Perrier et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

Flexibility in temporary fisheries closure legislation is required to maximise success

Temporary closures have been used for centuries in many parts of the world as a tool for fisheries management and restoration. The length of time that a closure is in place can play a determinative role in the effectiveness of the closure as a means of restoring stock biomass and diversity. For species that are slow growing and slow to reproduce, closures shorter than a decade are unlikely to be sufficient for the effects of restoration to accrue. New Zealand has two legislative mechanisms specifically designed to establish temporary closures: sections 186A and 186B of the Fisheries Act 1996. These provisions were created to respond to localised depletion and to provide for the use and management practices of Māori (New Zealand’s Indigenous People). There is currently a two-year time limit on temporary closures applied for by the community. By defining a time limit for temporary closures legislators have failed to account for the ecology of many of the species targeted for protection that require longer periods of protection for restoration. Furthermore, the way in which the final decision making power is vested with central government is also inconsistent with the original purpose of the provisions. An amendment to the temporary closure provisions is suggested to provide greater flexibility for users and to better recognise the non-commercial fishing rights provided for by the Fisheries Act 1996, of local communities seeking to apply this tool.     

三种红树根部组织抗氧化酶活性对水淹胁迫的响应

以自然种群高程分布为根据, 选择对潮汐浸泡耐性存在一定差异的白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)为实验树种。对3种红树幼苗进行为期0d、1d、3d、5d、7d、14d的水淹处理, 测定其根部组织的过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性、抗坏血酸氧化酶(ascorbic acid oxidase, APX)活性和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性。水淹处理会导致植物根部组织受低氧胁迫从而破坏活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)生产和消除的平衡, ROS大量累积给植物带来氧化损伤。实验测定与清除ROS有关的酶指标, 结果表明POD活性在1d至14d的水淹周期内随时间呈现上升趋势, 这可能与POD参与活性氧以及乙醇、乳酸等有毒物质的反应有关。CAT、SOD、APX活性均呈现应激上升后下降趋势, 由此推断该系列抗氧化酶在水淹胁迫发生前中期对消除红树植物根部组织大量产生的活性氧具有重要意义。抗氧化酶系在3种红树植物中的表达存在一定差异, 但整体仍呈相似的变化趋势。通过层次聚类法对各项酶活性指标分析后发现, 白骨壤抗氧化酶系的活性模式与木榄和桐花树的存在一定差异, 但没有发现木榄与桐花树抗氧化酶系统表达模式的明显差异。本研究旨在更好地了解红树林对水淹胁迫的生理适应机制, 为红树林生态系统保护与管理提供理论依据。