CYG-300型多功能全液压钻机的设计

主要介绍了CYG-300型多功能全液压钻机的总体结构和液压系统的设计及其主要功能。该钻机采用负载反馈系统,动力头双液压马达和两挡手动变速,使之输出4挡不同无级变化的扭矩和转速;在液压系统给进回路中设置相应的控制阀,增加了钻机的旋喷功能,使得钻机适用范围更广,实现功能更多。野外试钻表明,该钻机运行情况良好,钻进能力强,操作方便。     

Lateral terrestrial water flow contribution to summer precipitation at continental scale – A comparison between Europe and West Africa with WRF-Hydro-tag ensembles

It is well accepted that summer precipitation can be altered by soil moisture condition. Coupled land surface – atmospheric models have been routinely used to quantify soil moisture – precipitation feedback processes. However, most of the land surface models (LSMs) assume a vertical soil water transport and neglect lateral terrestrial water flow at the surface and in the subsurface, which potentially reduces the realism of the simulated soil moisture – precipitation feedback. In this study, the contribution of lateral terrestrial water flow to summer precipitation is assessed in two different climatic regions, Europe and West Africa, for the period June–September 2008. A version of the coupled atmospheric-hydrological model WRF-Hydro with an option to tag and trace land surface evaporation in the modelled atmosphere, named WRF-Hydro-tag, is employed. An ensemble of 30 simulations with terrestrial routing and 30 simulations without terrestrial routing is generated with random realizations of turbulent energy with the stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme, for both Europe and West Africa. The ensemble size allows to extract random noise from continental-scale averaged modelled precipitation. It is found that lateral terrestrial water flow increases the relative contribution of land surface evaporation to precipitation by 3.6% in Europe and 5.6% in West Africa, which enhances a positive soil moisture – precipitation feedback and generates more uncertainty in modelled precipitation, as diagnosed by a slight increase in normalized ensemble spread. This study demonstrates the small but non-negligible contribution of lateral terrestrial water flow to precipitation at continental scale.     

A comparative study of nonlinear Markov chain models for conditional simulation of multinomial classes from regular samples

Simulating fields of categorical geospatial variables from samples is crucial for many purposes, such as spatial uncertainty assessment of natural resources distributions. However, effectively simulating complex categorical variables (i.e., multinomial classes) is difficult because of their nonlinearity and complex interclass relationships. The existing pure Markov chain approach for simulating multinomial classes has an apparent deficiency—underestimation of small classes, which largely impacts the usefulness of the approach. The Markov chain random field (MCRF) theory recently proposed supports theoretically sound multi-dimensional Markov chain models. This paper conducts a comparative study between a MCRF model and the previous Markov chain model for simulating multinomial classes to demonstrate that the MCRF model effectively solves the small-class underestimation problem. Simulated results show that the MCRF model fairly produces all classes, generates simulated patterns imitative of the original, and effectively reproduces input transiograms in realizations. Occurrence probability maps are estimated to visualize the spatial uncertainty associated with each class and the optimal prediction map. It is concluded that the MCRF model provides a practically efficient estimator for simulating multinomial classes from grid samples.     

安徽省新石器和夏商周时代遗址时空分布与人地关系的初步研究

安徽省新石器早期遗址有淮北的小山口和江南的沟汀,该时期淮河流域的聚落多于长江流域。新石器中期,考古发掘的野生动物骨骼和孢粉分析表明聚落周围是一个河湖密布、森林草原并存的生态环境。新石器晚期,古人已能分辨土壤的优劣并很可能会利用环境条件改善土壤的不良特性;蒙城尉迟寺遗址的剖面分析表明,环境只是古聚落分布和数量变化的基础因素,生产力的因素也在起作用,因为长时间的持续降温和夏初的大洪水侵袭。夏商周时期全省聚落总数增加,但淮北平原因为长时间的持续降温和夏初的大洪水侵袭,聚落大规模缩减。皖中和皖南的丘陵山地地貌使那里所受洪灾较轻,灾后这些地区因热量条件好使聚落迅速发展起来。新聚落大多建在利于农业生产、能躲避洪水的地方。     

Mutual effects of nitric oxide and iron on the growth of marine algae

Experiments on the effects of nitric oxide （NO） and iron on the growth of marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum were conducted. The results are as follows： exogenous NO could increase the growth rate of marine algae and raise the biomass remarkably under iron-deficient conditions. But it was a complicated process that the phytoplankton growth was influenced by NO and iron, which was controlled by the NO concentration, the nutrition level of the culture medium and the iron concentration, etc. Meanwhile, the iron concentration in the medium also has a direct influence on the growth and NO release capacity of the algae. Therefore, the effects of NO and iron on the growth of marine phytoplankton were mutual.     

用16S rDNA序列初步探讨部分真虾类的系统发育关系

利用DNA序列测定技术测定了真虾下目7科8个种的线粒体16S rDNA部分序列,与从GenBank检索得到的12个相关种的16S rDNA部分序列进行同源性比对,探讨其系统发育关系及16S rDNA在真虾类系统发育研究中的应用。比对序列长353bp,其中变异位点221个、简约信息位点180个。碱基转换替代速度比颊换替代速度慢。以螯虾下目的Austropotamobius pallipes为外群构建了这20种真虾的系统发育关系分支图,结果展示：（1）长臂虾科隐虾亚科的Awhistus custos远离长臂虾亚科分支。而且它的16S rDNA序列在Genbank中,首先与六足纲（Hexapoda）的昆虫比对上。（2）长臂虾科长臂虾亚科的两个近缘属Palaemon和Palaemonetes问的4个种混合相聚,说明传统形态分类中以大颚有无触须作为这两个属的属级形态鉴定特征尚需进一步审定。（3）鼓虾总科藻虾科的Exhippolysmata ensirostris与褐虾总科褐虾科的Crangon affinis处在同一分支,而没与鼓虾科的种类形成姐妹群。研究结果表明,16S rDNA片段的序列很适合研究真虾类的属间系统发育关系,而在研究属上高级阶元或种下阶元间的系统发生关系时较不敏感,因其变异对于种级水平显得过于保守,而对于科级以上阶元又显得太快。     

土与结构间接触面的非线性弹性-理想塑性模型及其应用

将非线性弹性理论与弹塑性理论相结合,对于土与结构间接触面提出了一种非线性弹性-理想塑性模型,用于模拟土与结构相互作用体系的变形与破坏机理。推导建立了这种接触面单元的应力-应变关系和弹塑性系数矩阵,并且讨论了这种模型在基坑开挖与支护分析应用中所面临的数值计算问题。最后针对某一基坑工程实例,应用这种接触面模型进行了数值计算与分析,结果表明,该模型能够较合理地模拟接触面上的变形机理与受力状态。     

论地理学面临的挑战与发展

地理科学研究地球表层系统特定时空层次下的系统有序度和变化。其发展正面临着几大挑战:①地球表层系统的复杂性难以精确定量描述;②人地关系变化速度超过人类认识与预警能力;③地球表层系统的模糊性与科学价值精确性存在矛盾;④地理学与其它学科的竞争剧烈;21世纪地理学研究主要趋势:①地理学研究人文化;②界面研究将成为自然地理研究热点;③全球研究是地理学重大题材;④地理学研究生态化;⑤山地研究将成为地理学重大领域;为着地理学的顺利发展,建议:①造就地理学思想家和战略家;②进行地理学方法论的集成和创新;③寻找适合各时代认识水平的定量化方法;④重点突出与人类命运攸关的重大课题,创立有震撼性、权威性的理论和成果。     

宁夏北部地区土地覆盖模式及其发展潜力

With the objectives to acquire the fundamental data of the territorial resource,understand the impacts of human activities on the lan use and cover patterns and evaluate the potential of the future exploitation,and intensive land cover classification with and accuracy of 93?has been completed for North Ningxia by remote sensin technique based on the adoption of a combination method composed of texture training,maximum likelihood classification and post-processing such as re-allocation and aggregation.This classification result was incorporated with the contemporaneous socio-economic and meteorological data for cross-sectional regression modelling to reveal the spatial determinants of the land cover patterns and understand the human-environmental relationships.A tentative evaluation on the potential of soil exploitation in the near future was carried out in combination with our land use and cover change detection results aiming at supplying some useful references for the central and local governments in their sustainable land use planning.     

Storage‐discharge relationships at different catchment scales based on local high‐precision gravimetry

In hydrology, the storage‐discharge relationship is a fundamental catchment property. Understanding what controls this relationship is at the core of catchment science. To date, there are no direct methods to measure water storage at catchment scales (10¹–10³ km²). In this study, we use direct measurements of terrestrial water storage dynamics by means of superconducting gravimetry in a small headwater catchment of the Regen River, Germany, to derive empirical storage‐discharge relationships in nested catchments of increasing scale. Our results show that the local storage measurements are strongly related to streamflow dynamics at larger scales (> 100 km²; correlation coefficient = 0.78–0.81), but at small scale, no such relationship exists (~ 1 km²; correlation coefficients = ?0.11). The geologic setting in the region can explain both the disconnection between local water storage and headwater runoff, and the connectivity between headwater storage and streams draining larger catchment areas. More research is required to understand what controls the form of the observed storage‐discharge relationships at the catchment scale. This study demonstrates that high‐precision gravimetry can provide new insights into the complex relationship between state and response of hydrological systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.