论青岛由海洋科技城向海洋科技产业城转变的运行机制

围绕海洋科学城向海洋科技产业城转变这一命题，阐述了海洋产业城的内涵、实质和建设海洋产业城的理论基础；指出了在实现海洋科技城向海洋产业城的转变运行过程中存在的问题，提出了建设海洋科技产业城，加快海洋科技产业化步伐的对策。     

Mapping the functional dimension of vegetation series in the Mediterranean region using multitemporal MODIS data

ABSTRACT

Monitoring the structural and functional dimensions of natural vegetation is a critical issue to ensure effective management of biodiversity. While coarse-resolution satellite image time-series have been used extensively to monitor vegetation physiognomies, their potential to describe plant species composition remains understudied. The objective of this study is to assess the potential of annual time-series of MODIS images to discriminate combinations of plant communities, called “vegetation series,” and characterize their structural and functional dimensions at the landscape scale. Twelve vegetation series were mapped in a 16 574 ha study area in a Mediterranean context located in Corsica (France). First, the structural dimension of vegetation series was examined using a random forest (RF) model calibrated with a reference field map to (i) measure the importance of each MODIS image in discriminating vegetation series; (ii) quantify the influence of the number of dates on model accuracy; and (iii) map the vegetation series with the optimal subset of MODIS images. Second, the functional dimension of vegetation series was analyzed by ordinating three functional indices through principal component analysis. These indices were the annual sum of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the annual amplitude of NDVI, and the date of maximum NDVI, considered as a proxy for annual primary production, seasonality of carbon fluxes, and vegetation phenology, respectively. Results showed that (i) vegetation series were mapped accurately (median Kappa index 0.70, median overall accuracy 0.76), preferably using images acquired from February to August; (ii) at least 10 MODIS images were required to achieve sufficient accuracy; and (iii) a functional gradient was detected, ranging from high annual net primary production with low seasonality of carbon fluxes and early phenology in Mediterranean vegetation series to low annual net primary production with high seasonality of carbon fluxes and late phenology in alpine vegetation series.     

The slope aspect: A predisposing factor for landsliding?

The influence of slope aspect on the distribution of landslides was studied in the Milia and Roglio basins in Tuscany, Italy. For each basin, the new Tuscany region landslide inventory that was initiated in 2010 was used. The landslides were split into separate datasets based on their prevailing movement typology. To assess the results that were obtained from the different slope aspect values, maps of the lithology, slope angle, distances to streams, and distances to tectonic lineaments were included in the bivariate statistical analysis as comparison terms. For each basin, all of the geo-environmental factor maps were compared with the different landslide typologies with GIS software. Pearson's Chi² (χ²) coefficient was used to test the degree of spatial association between each predictor variable and landslide type. In addition, Cramer's V test was used to quantify the strength of the degree of association. Next, a conditional analysis was applied to all of the possible combinations that occurred between the slope aspect and other landslide-predisposing factors. Overall, the slope aspect significantly affected the distribution of superficial landslide types, but apparently not that of other landslide types.     

豫西地区中元古代蓟县纪沉积相

豫西地区中元古界蓟县系分布较广泛,剖面完整,是华北地台蓟县系出露最好的地区之一。在研究和分析121个露头剖面的岩性、沉积构造及组合特征等各种定性及定量资料的基础上,采用冯增昭教授倡导的单因素分析多因素综合作图法, 编制出豫西地区中元古代蓟县纪早期、中期和晚期的各类单因素图件和沉积相图。这种定量的沉积相研究方法在豫西地区还是首次应用。在蓟县纪早期,豫西地区主要是无障壁海岸相和浅海相,其中在卢氏-栾川地区主要为障壁海岸相。蓟县纪中期的沉积相与早期相似,但在卢氏-栾川地区由障壁海岸相演变为碳酸盐岩局限台地相。蓟县纪晚期的沉积相格局发生了较大变化,嵩山-箕山地区由古陆演变为河口湾相,确山地区为障壁海岸相,卢氏-栾川地区的碳酸盐岩局限台地相和其他地区的滨海相变化不大。从蓟县纪早期到蓟县纪晚期是一个海域范围逐渐扩大的海侵过程。     

Application of biotic indices and relationship with structural and functional features of macrobenthic community in the lagoon of Venice: an example over a long time series of data

In the context of the application of WFD, a scientific debate is growing about the applicability of biotic indices in coastal and transitional waters. In the present work, the question about the discriminating power of different biotic indices and the relationships with the structure and functioning of the macrobenthic community in a transitional environment is discussed. A time series of samples collected during the last 70 years in the lagoon of Venice, reflecting different environmental conditions (a sort of 'pristine state' in 1935, the distrophic crisis in 1988 and subsequent modifications in 1990, the invasion by an alien species and the developing of high impacting fishery in 1999) has been used. The comparison of results obtained by applying different biotic indices, such as AMBI, Bentix and BOPA, shows differences in the discriminating power of indices and a general overestimation of environmental conditions. Discrepancies between environmental status as indicated by biotic indices and the structure and functioning of the benthic community have been highlighted.     

塔里木地区奥陶纪岩相古地理

本文是《塔里木地区寒武纪岩相古地理》一文的延续。塔里木地区是以当今的塔里木盆地为主体并包括其周边山地的广大地区,北至中天山,南至西昆仑山,西至我国国界,东至阿尔金山,面积逾100万km2 。在98个露头剖面和钻井剖面的各种单因素定量及定性资料的基础上,采用单因素分析多因素综合作图法,编制出了塔里木地区奥陶系下奥陶统两河口阶和红花园阶、中奥陶统大湾阶和牯牛潭阶、上奥陶统庙坡阶、上奥陶统宝塔阶、上奥陶统临湘阶和五峰阶5个作图单位的各种单因素图,并在此基础上编制出了相应的5个地质时期的岩相古地理图。这些岩相古地理图的最主要特征是定量,即每个古地理单元的划分和确定都有确切的定量资料及定量单因素图为依据。这种定量的岩相古地理图在塔里木地区还是首次出现。在早奥陶世两河口期和红花园期,塔里木地区主要是碳酸盐台地,其中散布着各种滩。其北部为南天山盆地,东部为塔东盆地,南部为西昆仑台地,其东侧为东昆仑台地和柴达木台地。无陆地和云坪,盆地面积相当大。这与该地区寒武纪的岩相古地理格局大不相同。这表明早奥陶世的海进比寒武纪的更甚了。中奥陶世大湾期和牯牛潭期的岩相古地理面貌与两河口期和红花园期的相似,但南天山盆地西部扩大了,从而形成了柯坪盆地。这是一个重要变化。庙坡期的古地理面貌与大湾期和牯牛潭期的相似,但滩少了,这标志着海进又发展了且可能到达了盛期。至宝塔期,在塔里木台地的东南部,碎屑岩发育,这是塔里木碳酸盐台地向碎屑岩台地变化的预兆,是海退的标志。到晚奥陶世的临湘期和五峰期,塔里木台地基本上变成了1个碎屑岩台地。这是一个重大变化。这标志着塔里木地区寒武纪和奥陶纪海进海退旋回的终结。     

影响中国黄土磁化率差异的多因素评述

 通过查阅最近30 a来对黄土古土壤磁化率与气候的关系等方面的研究结果,认为：成壤作用过程中由生物作用和风化作用产生的超顺磁粒级的磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿等强磁性矿物是导致古土壤磁化率增强的主要原因。另外,磁化率值高低也不容忽视其他因素的影响,如黄土古土壤本底值的区别、淋溶作用、有机质对磁性矿物老化的阻碍及其本身的磁化率等。因此,黄土古土壤磁化率的高低是在气候条件为主导的作用下多种因素参与的结果。     

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系沉积相

柴达木盆地北缘结绿素—红山地区侏罗系广泛分布,出露良好。在各露头剖面、钻井剖面地层学和岩石学研究所取得的各种定性及定量资料的基础上,采用冯增昭教授倡导的单因素分析多因素综合作图法,编制出了柴达木盆地北缘结绿素—红山地区下、中、上侏罗统的各类单因素图件和沉积相图。前人在柴达木盆地沉积相研究方面做了许多工作,但都是定性的,其沉积相的确定缺乏定量依据。本次编制的沉积相图是定量化的,即每个沉积相带的划分都有其确切的单因素数据,这种定量的沉积相研究方法在柴达木盆地尚属首次应用。结绿素—红山地区侏罗系主要发育有4种类型的沉积相,包括辫状河、干湖、辫状河三角洲及湖泊,其中辫状河可进一步划分出辫状河上游和辫状河下游。研究结果表明早、中侏罗世发育辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系,晚侏罗世发育辫状河—干湖沉积体系。柴达木盆地北缘经历了早、中侏罗世的湖泊沉积到晚侏罗世的湖泊消失,代之以辫状河沉积的两大沉积演化阶段。     

国际多元合作推动灾区重建的回顾和思考——以印度洋地震海啸印度尼西亚灾区为例

鉴于目前在灾区重建中的国际多元合作机制尚未成熟,以及以往研究过分强调国际援助中夹杂了援助方自身利益追求的因素,受此影响一部分受灾国对国际援助表现出消极态度等现状,本研究通过系统梳理国际组织发表的一系列有关2004年印度洋地震海啸后印度尼西亚灾区重建的文献资料,总结了此次有史以来最大规模的国际多元合作援助行动在及时性、可信性、针对性、实效性以及多元化诸方面的特点,进而明确了在应对重大自然灾害,特别是在灾后重建过程中加强国际多元合作的意义。