太湖悬浮颗粒物细菌碱性磷酸酶编码基因的分布特征

颗粒态有机磷的碱性磷酸酶矿化是水生态系统磷循环的重要环节,对细菌碱性磷酸酶编码基因的解析有利于揭示浅水富营养化湖泊有机磷矿化的微生物驱动机制.本文以太湖不同生态类型湖区悬浮颗粒物为研究对象,运用荧光定量PCR技术,探究太湖水体中悬浮颗粒物细菌碱性磷酸酶phoX和phoD基因的时空分布特征,以及影响两类基因丰度的主要环境因子.结果表明：太湖不同生态类型湖区中phoD基因丰度是phoX基因的6~42倍,且二者均存在显著的时空分布差异.6月,河口区phoX（9.18×10⁴ copies/L）和phoD（1.88×10⁶ copies/L）基因丰度均最高,其次分别为草型区、湖心区和藻型区.与6月相比,9月各湖区phoD基因丰度显著降低,而phoX基因丰度在藻型区和草型区则有所升高.9月,草型区phoX基因丰度最高（5.70×10⁴ copies/L）,河口区最低（1.49×10⁴ copies/L）.水生植物对phoX和phoD基因丰度具有重要贡献.悬浮颗粒物细菌phoX基因丰度可能被低估.溶解氧、总氮和总磷是影响太湖phoX和phoD基因丰度的主要环境因子.     

纳米金属微粒发现——深穿透地球化学的微观证据

在400m深度隐伏铜镍矿上方气体和固体介质中同时发现纳米级铜等金属微粒。透射电镜下显像直观、质感,图像清晰。单个金属微粒呈球形或椭球形,多个微粒大多构成团聚体。单个金属微粒粒径主体在几十纳米,最小到10nm,大到上百个nm。微粒具有有序晶体结构。原位测量微粒成分为:①单一成分纳米自然铜微粒;②金属复合成分纳米微粒Cu-Fe,Cu-Ag,Cu-Cr,Cu-Ni,Cu-Fe-Mn;③含有Si、Al、Ca、O、P复杂成分的纳米Cu微粒。在地气和土壤中微粒大小、形貌特点和成分基本相似,同时微粒具有有序晶体结构。以上事实说明二者之间具有成因联系,即都来自于矿体。在实验室建立的模拟迁移柱,证实纳米金属微粒具有极强的穿透能力和快速迁移能力。这不仅为深穿透地球化学提供了直接的微观证据,而且为利用土壤作为采样介质的微粒分离深穿透地球化学技术寻找隐伏矿具有重要的应用价值。     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川不溶微粒的季节变化特征

冰芯中的不溶微粒是反映大气粉尘的良好指标,亦是冰芯定年的重要方法。为了探究不溶微粒在雪层中的季节变化特征,对采自乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川4 130 m处的雪冰样品进行不溶微粒分析。表层雪中粗微粒浓度在一年中有2个峰值,分别出现在12~3月、6~9月;总微粒只有一个峰值区,出现在4~8月。对比同期气象资料发现,其受降水、大气环流以及局地风影响显著。结合雪层物理剖面和微粒在雪层中的浓度发现：污化层是粗颗粒（直径大于10 μm）聚集的区域。对该粒径范围的微粒浓度峰值进行跟踪,发现不溶微粒在雪层中的浓度和位置变化与融水、物理成冰过程密切相关。     

Measurement of Particle-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species in Rubidoux Aerosols

The diurnal variations in the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various size fractions were determined for ambient particles in Rubidoux, CA. Sampling of particles was conducted at 3 h intervals using a cascade impactor. The collected particles were reacted with dichlorofluorescin (DCFH), a non-fluorescent probe that fluoresces when oxidized. The factors affecting the diurnal variation in ROS concentration were also investigated with special emphasis on the relation between ROS concentration and the intensity of photochemical reactions where the ozone concentration was taken as an index. The intensity of photochemical reactions was found to be a moderate factor affecting the daytime ROS concentration. The concentration of ROS was found to be higher on the smaller particles of the ambient aerosol. An erratum to this article is available .     

沿海工业城市灰霾天气增多与海盐气溶胶粒子的关系

我国28年前在粉尘污染时代建立的空气质量评价体系,已经远远不能描述新型复合空气污染类型,尤其是不能描述细粒子污染的情况,能见度（vis）的恶化主要与细粒子的质量浓度关系比较大,而与气溶胶的质量浓度关系不大。vis与PM2.5,尤其是PM1有非常好的关系,因而目前用vis来描述灰霾天气是最好的指标。2008年珠三角灰霾的减少与大气环流形势有关,东亚环流径向度较大,冷空气影响岭南地区较为频繁;与2008年下半年爆发的金融海啸引发的加工业开工不足、物流减少亦有关联;另外各级政府对大气环境的治理收到成效也是灰霾天气减少的重要原因。尤其值得注意的是沿海工业城市灰霾天气增长较快,沿海工业城市灰霾天气增多与海盐气溶胶粒子的氯损耗机制关系密切。     

Impact of the Bergeron–Findeisen process on the release of aerosol particles during the evolution of cloud ice

The paper focuses on the redistribution of aerosol particles (APs) during the artificial nucleation and subsequent growth of ice crystals in a supercooled cloud. A significant number of the supercooled cloud droplets during icing periods (seeding agents: C₃H₈, CO₂) did not freeze as was presumed prior to the experiment but instead evaporated. The net mass flux of water vapour from the evaporating droplets to the nucleating ice crystals (Bergeron–Findeisen mechanism) led to the release of residual particles that simultaneously appeared in the interstitial phase. The strong decrease of the droplet residuals confirms the nucleation of ice particles on seeding germs without natural aerosol particles serving as ice nuclei. As the number of residual particles during the seedings did not drop to zero, other processes such as heterogeneous ice nucleation, spontaneous freezing, entrainment of supercooled droplets and diffusion to the created particle-free ice germs must have contributed to the experimental findings. During the icing periods, residual mass concentrations in the condensed phase dropped by a factor of 1.1–6.7, as compared to the unperturbed supercooled cloud. As the Bergeron–Findeisen process also occurs without artificial seeding in the atmosphere, this study demonstrated that the hydrometeors in mixed-phase clouds might be much cleaner than anticipated for the simple freezing process of supercooled droplets in tropospheric mid latitude clouds.     

大气沉积颗粒中铅的赋存状态研究

从大气沉积颗粒中的重金属铅污染入手，采用连续化学浸提萃取的方法，对西安大气沉积颗粒中的微量金属元素铅的赋存状态进行了分析研究，发现铅元素主要以残渣态和铁-锰结合态存在。水溶态、交换态和有机质结合态存在的量虽然很少，但都以矿物质形式存在，这说明金属离子比较稳定，不易迁移和转化，对周围环境和人体的危害比较持久。     

海口市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_1质量浓度的变化特征分析

利用2013年在海口市气象局地面气象观测站采集的PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度数据,分析了2013年可吸入颗粒物质量浓度的变化特征,并对其成因进行了初步分析。结果表明:2013年海口市PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度的变化趋势基本相同,PM10、PM2.5质量浓度的超标率低,达到一级标准的概率分别为74.0%和68.8%,超过2级标准的天数分别为1和9 d,ρ(PM2.5)/ρ(PM10)与ρ(PM1)/ρ(PM2.5)的比例平均分别为78.1%和85.1%;海口PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,春、秋两季处于冬夏之间;PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度的日变化呈双峰现象,一个峰出现在上午,一个峰出现在夜间;颗粒物质量浓度的变化主要受到气象条件和污染物排放的影响。     

Spreading of floating particles by Langmuir circulation

Particles floating on the sea surface, in particular buoyant algae, are drawn into bands by the converging flow between neighbouring Langmuir cells. Floating bands subsequently amalgamate as a result of Langmuir turbulence. Simple models are developed to describe the rearrangement and dispersion of the floating particles. If the production of floating particles has ceased, the mean separation of the bands of particles increases with time and eventually becomes unrelated to the mean distance between the lines of convergence resulting from Langmuir circulation. The concentration of particles in the bands, proportional to the width of bands, and the separation of bands with a given concentration of particles, both increase with time. Care is needed in estimating the width of Langmuir cells to distinguish between surface bands of floating material that is continuously being produced and bands made visible by some earlier, but discontinued, generation. An alternative mechanism for the generation of dense bands of floating algae is proposed.