我国原位地应力测量与地应力场分析研究进展

随着我国交通、能源和水利水电等行业快速发展,在复杂地形地貌和地质条件下兴建大量岩土工程,尤其是深埋长隧道,原位地应力测量及其相关研究逾加重要。我国自20世纪60年代首次成功进行原位地应力实测以来,在地应力测量及相关研究方面已取得了长足进展。文中扼要介绍了我国地应力测量的发展历程,着重总结了在钻孔应力解除法、水压致裂法和其他常用原位地应力测量法及工程区初始地应力场分析研究方面所取得的进展,并结合我国区域构造应力环境和岩土工程的特点,对地应力测量和工程区初始地应力场研究方面的展望阐述了一点认识。     

兰州地区剪切波速实测误差分析与评价

为了给兰州乃至西北地区的地震安全性评价和重大工程抗震设计提供参考,在兰州地区选取4个不同类别场地,完成由10家单位参加、使用不同仪器剪切波速现场测试误差专项实验,研究该地区剪切波速实测误差分布规律,讨论测试误差对地表加速度反应谱影响的统计特征,并给出该地区剪切波速测试误差评价。结果表明:兰州地区各单位剪切波速测试误差具有明显规律性,测试误差绝大部分符合标准正态分布,且误差大小不随深度和场地类别而改变;兰州地区波速测试水平优于全国平均水平,Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类场地的剪切波速测试精度较高,偏差较小,其平均标准差可以定为10%;就兰州地区而言,其1倍波速测试标准差引起PGA最大偏差为25%,2倍标准差为50%;给定波速测试误差下反应谱变化程度与输入波形相关,输入波频率成分与场地频率成分接近的地震输入下,误差影响较大,反之则影响较小。     

Study of the train-induced vibration impact on a historic Bell Tower above two spatially overlapping metro lines

There is concern regarding the long-term vibration effects caused by metro trains on historic buildings. In this paper, the impact of metro train-induced vibrations on the Bell Tower in Xi’an above two spatially overlapping tunnels was studied.Metro Line 2 has been operational since 2011, and Line 6 is still under construction. To study and control the effect of micro vibrations on the Bell Tower, a metro train–track–tunnel–soil 3D dynamic FE model was developed. The vibration response generated by Line 2 was then predicted, and the influences of train speed on ground vibration were analysed. In addition, a detailed in situ measurement, which helped calibrate the numerical model and determine the dynamic behaviour of timber structures, was performed. Finally, the calibrated models and measured results were used to predict vibrations caused by road traffic and trains from two spatially overlapping metro lines. This was performed under different route schemes and train operation conditions.The results showed that installing steel spring floating slab tracks (FST) and decreasing train speeds had obvious effects on controlling the ground peak particle velocity (PPV). Simulated results from both the input impulse and output response generated by metro Line 2 matched well with actual measurements. If correct designs are employed, it is possible to resolve the vibration problem on historic buildings caused by metro trains.     

青藏块体东北缘跨断层形变典型震例总结与预测判据指标分析

针对青藏块体东北缘跨断层监测区及周边发生的5.8级以上地震, 结合以往研究结果, 对跨断层资料进行了重新梳理, 重点分析了1995年永登5.8级、 2000年景泰5.9级、 2003年民乐—山丹6.1级和2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震前出现的跨断层形变异常。 结果表明: 这4次典型地震前出现的跨断层异常数量较多, 为13~23项不等; 分布范围较广, 震中距在600 km范围内, 相对集中出现在300 km左右范围内, 也有近震区异常; 异常特征以逆断加速、 趋势转折、 活动加剧、 突跳、 大幅变化等为主; 震前2~3年或稍长时间开始出现异常, 震前半年至1年半时段异常集中出现, 具有中期背景或短期前兆意义, 异常空间分布有向震中区汇聚迁移的特征。     

升平油田葡萄花油层高分辨率层序地层格架及储层特征

利用高分辨率层序地层理论分析方法,在升平油田葡萄花油层三维地震资料及15口井岩心和356口井测井资料综合研究的基础上,通过不同级次基准面旋回界面特征的识别,将本区划分为1个长期、2个中期、6个短期和13个超短期层序,以超短期层序为目标,建立了单砂体等时对比单元的地层格架。以超短期层序为控制目标,详细研究了葡萄花油层沉积微相及单砂体分布规律:基准面上升期是三角洲河道砂体发育最有利时期,单砂体厚度大连续分布广;湖泛期细粒沉积物分布广泛,储集层不发育;基准面下降期受下切作用影响,河道砂体不发育。提出了葡萄花油层超短期旋回层序由于同沉积构造抬升作用所导致的从北到南逐渐减薄超覆尖灭新地层模式。     

GPS静态观测中数据质量实时检测

在分析观测数据解码以及观测数据质量指标的基础上编制软件,对采集到的原始GPS观测数据进行解码与多路径效应、周跳等质量指标的分析计算,并对质量指标进行直观、实时的图形显示。介绍所写软件在工程实践中的应用,并与TEQC软件进行比较,证明了软件的正确性和可靠性。     

A National Accounting Framework for the Petroleum Cycle: A Case Study of China

In a world of climate change and socio-economic development, oil is the strategic resource that is closely intertwined and interdependent. Tracing the evolution of petroleum resources flow is fundamental to understanding petroleum supply and demand, and can also serve as the basis for assessing CO₂ emissions from petroleum products. This paper aims to provide a petroleum products flow accounting framework that divides petroleum flow into four phases, three flows, three libraries, and two processes, and summarizes the approach to measure and analyze petroleum resources flows. It takes China as an example for empirical research, and finds that: ① China’s petroleum production, consumption and import have significantly increased over the past two decades, and the combination of increasing demand and limited supply have created an urgent need for China to diversify its petroleum sources globally to ensure its oil security. ② Final consumption accounts for the use of most petroleum products and special attention should be paid to the losses in the petroleum refining process. ③ With the exception of crude oil, petroleum product flows among various sectors has changed greatly. Particularly, the flow of petroleum products into transport and residential consumption has trended upward significantly, whereas the flow to industry is trending downward. ④ CO₂ emission data shows that CO₂ emission amounts increased rapidly from 456Mt in 1993 to 1517Mt in 2013. Previously, the top three CO₂ emitters were the industrial sector, the transport sector including the transport, storage and post segments, and the thermal power sector. Currently, the largest emitters are the transport sector, the industrial sector and the residential consumption sector. Finally, poorly demarcated system boundaries and incomplete databases and models constrain research on industry flows of petroleum resources for non-energy use.     

人工地貌学学科体系框架构建初探

工业革命以来人类活动对地表利用改造的加剧,使得人工地貌研究逐渐受到科学界的重视。加强人工地貌学学科体系研究,服务社会经济建设实践亟需提上议事日程。在分析人工地貌学学科框架构建基点基础上,就人工地貌学的研究对象、任务与内容、研究方法与手段、内涵（学科属性）及外延（分支学科、学科关联）等方面探讨了人工地貌学学科体系框架构建问题,并指出人工地貌学是传统地貌学在社会经济建设过程中逐渐形成的多学科交叉综合的应用性地貌学科,如何从理论、技术及应用等层面进一步完善学科体系构建及探讨发展趋势是未来研究的重点。     

明渠规则断面流量测量方法研究

针时现有明渠流量测量方法的不足,提出一种规则断面明渠流量的自动测量方法-"流速-水位法".首先基于断面流速分布经验公式,给出"流速-水位法"测量明渠断面流量的基本原理、计算公式及测量步骤;然后应用该法对某实际灌区的两个典型断面进行流量测量,并与流速-面积法的实测结果作对比,两者符合的较好,说明本文所提出的"流速-水位法"是准确可行的.实例应用成果表明,所提出的"流速-水位法"可用于规则断面明渠流量的自动测量.     

ZY-73型钻孔煤层瓦斯压力测定仪的研制

介绍了ZY-73型钻孔煤层瓦斯压力测定仪的设计思路、工作原理及主要技术特点,简要介绍了仪器的使用情况。