基于信息熵的溢油对天然渔业可持续承载力损害的评估

作者基于信息熵理论,以溢油事故对海洋天然渔业损害为切入点探讨海洋生态系统可持续承载力损害评估方法。论文从生态系统状态、功能、污染、修复等4个方面构建了熵流和熵产生指标体系,以"塔斯曼海"轮溢油事故为例进行计算和评估,结果表明:溢油使海洋生态系统的价值产出能力下降94.7%、总的承载力下降194.9%,溢油治理的效果小于溢油对生态承载力的损害。本评价是现有溢油生态损害评价的补充,可为长期生态损害评估、生态修复和环境管理决策提供科学依据。     

Climate variability and tropical tuna: Management challenges for highly migratory fish stocks

The 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement facilitates the creation of regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs) to govern harvests of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks. The stability and success of these organizations will depend, in part, on how effectively they can maintain member nations’ incentives to cooperate despite the uncertainties and shifting opportunities that may result from climate-driven changes in the productivity, migratory behavior, or catchability of the fish stocks governed by the RFMO. Such climatic impacts may intensify incentives for opportunism, and create other management challenges for the RFMOs now governing tropical tuna fisheries in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.     

东海北部海域虾类不同生态类群分布及其渔业

本文根据1986～1991年对东海北部海域（26°00’～326°00’N，100m水深以浅）虾是调查资料，研究了不同虾类的栖息水深与调查区水系分布之间的关系，把本海区的虾类资源划分为广温低盐，广温广盐和高温高盐三个生态类群，并阐明各生态类群及主要种类的分布特点。文中还叙述了东海区拖虾渔业的发展现状，讨论了今后的发展对策。     

Networks of capital: Reframing knowledge in the Namibian hake fishery

This paper explores the failures of the quota allocation system in the hake fishery in Walvis Bay, Namibia through an examination of the complex processes that link commodities, labour, production, markets, and knowledge in the industrial setting. The relationships between state regulations and public nature point to a specific engagement in which nature is divided, distributed, and owned, namely through the market driven prospects of transferable quotas. This article examines fishing quota as a set of relations that links the transformation of fish from biological organism to global product and thus weaves science, the state, markets, and social relationships into an entanglement of different forms of capital. In this context, the tension between the quota holder, the value of that quota, and their participation in the industry reflects a complex network of capital mediated through various strategies. Based on ethnographic research in the Namibian trawl sector, this article surfaces these modes of capital in the dynamics of the fishing operations. As such, the fishing industry, the company that holds the fishing rights, the government׳s role in quota allocations, the vessels, gear, and technologies, and the relationships and roles of the crewmembers and skippers׳ knowledge all contribute to a particular formulation of fishing practices. Fisher׳s knowledge in industrial fishing practices becomes a site in which to explore the consequences of ITQs that may also begin to destabilise the neoliberal business model for fisheries in times of crisis.     

Changes in the mullet fishery of Lake Manzala,Egypt

Growth rates of the main mullet species (Liza ramada andMugil cephalus) in Lake Manzala are low compared to those in other Egyptian lakes. But average growth rates during the period 1989–1993 were relatively faster than in the 1960's. Spawning and migration seasons have been determined for every species, and their distribution in the lake, in terms of certain ecological parameters (salinity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen) have been investigated. Changes in the mullet fishery in the lake during the past 70 years have been studied. Due to an increase in nutrient loading and a decrease in salinity, mullet declined from 65 per cent of the total catch during the 1920's to only 2.2 per cent during the early 1980's. As a result of fisheries management and development programmes from 1989 to 1993, mullet production increased to 9.2 per cent of the total catch.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Maruja M.B. Asis, (ed.) The Philippines as Home: Settlers and Sojourners in the Country.
Hans Gooszen, A Demographic History of the Indonesian Archipelago, 1880–1942.
Karin Bras, Image-Building and Guiding on Lombok: The Social Construction of a Tourist Destination.
K.S. Chon, (ed.) Tourism in Southeast Asia: A New Direction.     

南极磷虾渔业科学观察覆盖率管理策略和中国履约

回顾了南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)管理体系中科学观察覆盖的主要要素,以及在过去的6年中中国南极磷虾渔业执行科学观察计划的主要成果,旨在帮助中国磷虾渔船更好地理解和执行相关的政策、规定。国际科学观察制度是CCAMLR管理体系中最为重要的监管组成部分。它是由观察员指派、职责和方法标准、执行效果评估等组成的相对独立管理机制。科学观察员覆盖率是其实施策略的核心评价指标,它在渔船、网次以及具体观察任务3个层次都有不同的管理规定。南极磷虾渔业必须接受CCAMLR严格监管并实施科学观察。2009—2015年6个渔季,中国渔船在贯穿所有渔业活动中,按照CCAMLR要求执行最大可能全面、系统的观察覆盖。已有的23船次中,19船次执行科学观察,聘用科学观察员近30人。各渔季的观察天数覆盖率介于81%—100%(平均覆盖率为94%);渔船覆盖率介于66%—100%,6个渔季平均覆盖率为82%,超过CCAMLR的50%的要求。为应对南极磷虾渔业科学观察管理可能的调整,建议我国建立开放的科学观察培训机制,积极储备极地渔业国家科学观察员人力资源,开拓灵活简便的多重委派途径。     

青岛近海春、秋季渔业资源群落结构特征的初步研究

根据2004年5月和10月在青岛近海进行的渔业资源底拖网调查,对该海域渔业资源群落结构特征进行了初步研究.结果表明,春、秋季2个航次在该海域共捕获渔业资源种类76种.春、秋季单位网次渔获量分别为12.9kg/h和6.1kg/h,优势种类主要为赤鼻棱NB023（Thrissa kammalensis）、大泷六线鱼（Hexagrammos otakii）以及口虾蛄（Oratosquilla oratoria）、日本枪乌贼（Loligo japonica）等无脊椎动物.分别计算了青岛近海春、秋季渔业生物群落的种类丰度指数（R）、多样性指数（H′）和均匀度（J′）.聚类分析、单因子相似性分析（ANOSIM）以及相似性百分比分析（SIMPER）表明该水域渔业资源群落结构存在一定程度的时空异质性.青岛近海渔业资源呈现出明显的小型化和低质化特征.     

鱼类在海洋碳循环中的作用及研究展望

碳中和是应对气候变化的必由之路,海洋负排放是实现碳中和的重要途经。海洋作为地球最大碳库,研究发现越来越多的海洋和海岸带生物参与碳循环,并对海洋碳汇产生重要贡献。鱼类作为海洋生态系统中最重要组成部分之一,其在海洋碳循环中的作用还没有引起足够的重视。最新研究表明海洋鱼类在无机碳循环中发挥了重要作用,深化对鱼类参与碳循环过程的认识、量化其固碳潜力将有助于丰富海洋碳循环研究。本文首先系统梳理了鱼类参与碳循环的过程和机制等研究进展。鱼类通过产生碳酸盐粪便、水平和垂直迁移运输、生物扰动、生物碳和“尸体”碳以及食物网消耗与传输等方式参与海洋碳循环。鱼类参与碳循环的证据和参与海洋碳循环的重要性逐渐凸显。其次,本文提出目前鱼类参与碳循环研究存在的问题与挑战,包括渔业捕捞源汇之争、水产养殖业的机遇和挑战以及准确量化鱼源碳酸盐的困难,仍有待理论和方法学的深化研究和技术的革新去解决。最后本文提出鱼类参与碳循环的研究展望,及其在全球气候变化背景下的潜在机遇,同时结合当前渔业碳汇的发展进程以及行业需求,提出渔业减排固碳发展路径建议。本文旨在提升鱼类在海洋碳循环贡献和服务生态系统的潜力的认识,为海洋碳汇和渔业碳汇研究提供新的视角。     

基于博弈视角的中韩渔业事件成因与对策分析

近年来中韩渔业事件频发,引起社会广泛关注。文章通过构建博弈模型分析了中韩渔业事件的产生原因,并提出解决对策:中方应通过增殖放流等手段修复我国近海渔业资源;扶持渔民转业转产推进渔业产业结构调整;韩方应避免因暴力执法给两国关系造成伤害;双方应引入基于入渔配额分配机制的正向激励制度,破解当前冲突与困境。