Studying the formation of massive stars with VLT/X‐shooter

The birth process and (early) evolution of massive stars is still poorly understood. Massive stars are rare, their birthplaces are hidden from view and their formation timescale is short. So far, our physical knowledge of these young massive stars has been derived from near‐IR imaging and spectroscopy, revealing populations of young OB‐type stars, some still surrounded by a (remnant?) accretion disk, others apparently “normal” main sequence stars powering H II regions. The most important spectral features of OB‐type stars are, however, located in the UV and optical range. With VLT/X‐shooter it is possible to extend the spectral coverage of these young massive stars into the optical range, to better determine their photospheric properties, to study the onset of the stellar wind, and to characterize the physical structure of the circumstellar disk (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于SPOT遥感影像的九段沙潮沟信息提取及分维研究

以长江口九段沙为研究区, 应用灰度形态学提取了九段沙湿地的潮沟信息, 并对提取出的潮沟信息分区域采用网格法进行了分维研究, 得出了九段沙不同区域潮沟的分维值, 并对分维值进行了比较与分析。比较发现, 九段沙不同区域的分维值, 上沙最大, 下沙次之, 中沙最小。而在不同区域的不同岸段中, 处于上沙北部沿岸的潮沟分维值大于上沙其它地区; 处于中沙、下沙西北-东南沿岸的潮沟分维值分别大于中沙、下沙的其它地区。这主要与它们所处地理位置水动力条件不同有关。另外也计算了九段沙南岸与北岸的分维值, 发现南岸的分维值要大于北岸, 这与其发育时间、水动力条件和长江口深水航道工程等有一定联系。     

Morphological analysis and recognition of scanned raster nautical chart

In current practice in the development of hydrographic information systems, the automatic acquisition of spatial data has been considered to be very difficult. One of the key problems is recognition and correct separation of a feature from a complex graphic background. For these problems, this article presents a new concept of graph subsets to describe graph structures and composition rules of symbols in nautical charts. Based on this concept, morphological methods and operations in graph theory are unified into a coherent mathematical framework specially designed for analysis and recognition of binary chart images. In particular, an experimental system composed of feature extraction, symbol recognition, geometric reasoning, and intelligent control is developed for automatic digitization of nautical charts.     

The fauna and chemical composition of some athalassic saline waters in New Zealand

The fauna and chemical composition of two athalassic saline waters located near central Otago are discussed, and available rainfall and evaporation data for the region summarised. One water (dominated by Na and C1) had a salinity of 15‰ and contained the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, the copepod Microcyclops monacanthus, the ostracod Diacypris, and larvae of the dipteran Ephydrella The second water (dominated by Na and HCO₃) had a salinity of 6‰ and contained larvae of Ephydrella (adults of E. novaezealandiae occurred on the shore), and the hemipterans Sigara arguta, Anisops wakefieldi and Anisops assimilis The relationship between Microcyclops monacanthus and M. arnaudi (an Australian species), and the basis of their current taxonomic separation is discussed in some detail.

At a minimum, the faunas of Australian and New Zealand athalassic saline waters have in common the following distinctive (non‐cosmopolitan) forms: Ephydrella, Diacypris, and two closely related halobiont species of Microcyclops     

Studies on twelve common bivalve larvae,with notes on bivalve spawning seasons in New Zealand

Twelve common bivalve larvae occurring in the plankton from the Bay of Islands (35°15'S, 174°10'E), Wellington Harbour (41°16'S, 174°51'E), and off Raumati Beach (40°56'S, 174°58'E), New Zealand, during 1970–72 are described and, wherever possible, provisionally identified. The seasonal occurrences of these larvae in the plankton are also described. Information on the spawning cycles of some New Zealand adult bivalves is reviewed; although some species have a short (4 months or less) spawning season, for most it is much longer, possibly with ‘trickle’ spawning through several months of the year.     

A new species of Plaxiphora (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from southern New Zealand

Plaxiphora boydeni n.sp. from wave‐exposed rocky shores of southern New Zealand is described and illustrated. This is the first published record of the genus from the New Zealand mainland. P. boydeni is readily distinguished from the 2 other New Zealand species of the genus, which occur in the subantarctic region, by the absence of bristle‐tufts on the girdle.     

Critical depths for passage in braided rivers,Canterbury, New Zealand

Riffles and points of divergence of branch channels in braided rivers are critical controls upon passage of fish and recreational boats because they are points at which depths are at a minimum. Depths on randomly selected riffles were measured in braided reaches of the Ashley, Hurunui, and Rakaia Rivers and related to discharge; minimum depths encountered in extended reaches of these rivers at a range of flows have also been measured. The data can be used to predict minimum available passage depths at a specified flow, or conversely, to predict the discharge required to maintain a specified minimum passage depth. However, presently available estimates of critical minimum depths required for various instream uses (migration of salmonids, jetboating) appear excessively conservative, and minimum depth requirements must be more accurately determined before instream flow needs can be properly assessed.     

Evidence for discrete subpopulations of sea perch (Helicolenus ercoides) across four fjords in Fiordland,New Zealand

In coastal populations of invertebrates and fishes, the distribution of discrete subpopulations is influenced by adult and larval dispersal, as well as by the effects of habitat heterogeneity on site fidelity or connectivity. Here, we examine evidence for spatial structure of sea perch, Helicolenus percoides, populations among four fjords in the Fiordland region of southwestern New Zealand. We examine patterns in adult morphology, length-at-age, δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of muscle tissue, and trace elemental composition of whole otoliths as proxies for population isolation among the four inner fjord regions. A multivariate analysis of morphometrics reveals significant differences among populations from each of the four sites, suggesting existence of four distinct subpopulations. These patterns are consistent with observed differences in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, and length-at-age estimates among the four subpopulations. Differences in whole otolith concentrations of Sr, Ba, Mg and Li, and high classification scores based on the whole otolith elemental fingerprint are also consistent with significant subdivision among areas. Patterns across all four markers are consistent with discrete subpopulation structure of adult sea perch among the four study sites. These data indicate that the newly implemented network of marine protected areas in Fiordland is likely to contain discrete populations of sea perch.     

白豹油田长8油藏成岩储集相

以沉积相为基础,利用各类分析化验资料,对白豹油田长8油藏岩石学特征、储集特征和成岩作用开展深入研究。结果表明,研究区储层岩石成分成熟度偏低,结构成熟度中等,储集空间以粒间孔、长石溶孔为主,表现为细孔、微孔和细喉、微喉特征。依据本文提出的评价方法对研究区4种主要的成岩作用进行定量评价,表明储层成岩作用以中等-强压实、中等-强胶结、中等-强交代、中等溶蚀为主。综合以上研究,将白豹油田长8油藏划分为强溶蚀弱胶结混合孔隙成岩储集相、中等压实中等溶蚀复合孔隙成岩储集相、强压实中等胶结残余孔隙成岩储集相、强压实强胶结微孔隙成岩储集相4种类型,其中,强溶蚀弱胶结混合孔隙成岩储集相油气储渗能力最强,强压实强胶结微孔隙成岩储集相油气储渗能力最差。     

西藏江达县颠达铅锌矿床地质特征及成因探讨

颠达铅锌矿床区域上北西、北西西向断裂、褶皱十分发育.铅锌矿体呈似层状、脉状沿断层接触带产于F₁断层上盘波里拉组（T₃b）中厚层状泥晶灰岩中.矿石类型简单,矿体的产出受地层、构造控制较为明显.根据矿床地质特征,结合区域地质构造演化,认为本矿床是该区较为典型的碳酸盐岩层控热液脉型铅锌矿床,并建立了成矿模式.