西藏终碛湖溃决形式研究

西藏终碛湖众多,一旦发生溃决,将造成巨大损失。冰湖溃决机制的研究对冰湖溃决预测和溃后灾害评估是十分必要的。将冰湖终碛堤视为天然堆石坝,用水力学和土力学理论研究冰湖溃决的力学机制。重点研究溢流型溃决形式和管涌型溃决形式,根据野外观测数据和前人的研究,发现溢流型溃决的溃口多呈梯形或圆弧状形,对比真实数据发现溃口顶宽与坝高的关系,并且所有冰川终碛堤都表现为局部溃决。通过实地考察、取样分析,判断光谢措终碛堤的可能渗透破坏形式。     

深厚覆盖层渗透系数三种测定方法的对比分析--以新疆下坂地水库坝址覆盖层为例

深厚覆盖层结构复杂,其渗透系数的求取是目前勘察工作中一个难以解决的问题.本文通过3种方法的对比分析,并结合地层结构特征进行综合评价,取得了较为合理的渗透参数,为工程设计和施工提供了科学依据.     

Glacial geomorphology of Teesdale,northern Pennines,England: Implications for upland styles of ice stream operation and deglaciation in the British-Irish Ice Sheet

The glacial geomorphology of Teesdale and the North Pennines uplands is analysed in order to decipher: a) the operation of easterly flowing palaeo-ice streams in the British-Irish Ice Sheet; and b) the style of regional deglaciation. Six landform categories are: i) bedrock controlled features, including glacitectonic bedrock megablocks or ‘rubble moraine’; ii) discrete mounds and hills, often of unknown composition, interpreted as weakly streamlined moraines and potential ‘rubble moraine’; iii) non-streamlined drift mounds and ridges, representing lateral, frontal and inter-ice stream/interlobate moraines; iv) streamlined landforms, including drumlins of various elongation ratios and bedrock controlled lineations; v) glacifluvial outwash and depositional ridges; and vi) relict channels and valleys, related to glacial meltwater incision or meltwater re-occupation of preglacial fluvial features. Multiple tills in valley-floor drumlin exposures indicate that the subglacial bedform record is a blend of flow directions typical of areas of discontinuous till cover and extensive bedrock erosional landforms. Arcuate assemblages of partially streamlined drift mounds are likely to be glacially overridden latero-frontal moraines related to phases of “average glacial conditions” (palimpsests). Deglacial oscillations of a glacier lobe in mid-Teesdale are marked by five inset assemblages of moraines and associated drift and meltwater channels, named the Glacial Lake Eggleshope, Mill Hill, Gueswick, Hayberries and Lonton stages. The Lonton stage moraines are thought to be coeval with bedrock-cored moraines in the central Stainmore Gap and likely record the temporary development of cold-based or polythermal ice conditions around the margins of a plateau-based icefield during the Scottish Readvance.     

帕米尔东北部木吉断层晚第四纪运动性质和滑动速率的约束

帕米尔造山带是印度-欧亚大陆会聚带的西构造结。木吉断层作为中-西帕米尔与东帕米尔的最北部边界转换断层,其运动性质和滑动速率的准确限定对于理解帕米尔现今应力状态和运动学特征等具有重要意义。本文以木吉断层东段布拉克村北位错特征显著的冰碛台地（39.2020°N,74.3910°E）为研究对象,基于高分辨率卫星影像解译、野外地质地貌调查、差分GPS测量和冰川漂砾宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be暴露测年,获得布拉克北冰碛台地形成（16.8±3.5 ka）以来木吉断层的累积右旋位错量、垂直位错量、南北向拉张量以及最小速率分别为约190 m、105±12 m、34±12 m和11.3±2.4 mm/a、6.3±1.5 mm/a、2.0±0.8 mm/a;三者的比值约为6：3：1,水平向的总滑动速率为11.5±2.3 mm/a。与位于断层中部近乎纯走滑的阿克萨依处相比,木吉断层在布拉克北以右旋走滑为主的同时,具有明显的正断分量。断层在布拉克北的水平向总滑动速率11.5±2.3 mm/a与阿克萨依处右旋走滑速率的最大值（9.4±0.9 mm/a）大致相当;因此尽管断层沿走向的运动性质发生了显著变化,其水平向滑动速率大致保持恒定。

     

海螺沟现代冰碛物中的宇生核素10Be浓度分析

尽管许多学者都意识到继承性宇生核素对冰碛物暴露年代测量可能会带来一定的误差,然而影响究竟有多大,还缺乏对现代冰碛物宇生核素浓度的研究。对采自贡嘎山海螺沟冰川现代冰碛物碎屑和冰碛砾石的本地生宇生核素 10 Be 浓度的分析表明,即使是海洋性冰川(暖底冰川),其冰碛物碎屑和冰碛砾石都残留一定量的本地生宇生核素; 即使是具有明显磨蚀痕迹的现代冰碛砾石表面,也残留一定量的本地生宇生核素。因此,进行宇生核素测年时要给予充分的重视。当然,其冰碛物基质和具有明显磨蚀痕迹的现代冰碛砾石表面的本地生宇生核素 10 Be 浓度比较低,一般不大于2×104atoms/g。对暴露年代的影响一般不大于0.61ka。尽管其适用范围还有待于更多的研究结果的进一步证实,但是却为残留影响的研究提供了一个研究的实例和一组可以参考的数据。     

Numerical computations of a theoretical model of ribbed moraine formation

We develop numerical solutions of a theoretical model which has been proposed to explain the formation of subglacial bedforms. The model has been shown to have the capability of producing bedforms in two dimensions, when they may be interpreted as ribbed moraine. However, these investigations have left unanswered the question of whether the theory is capable of producing fully three‐dimensional bedforms such as drumlins. We show that, while the three‐dimensional calculations show realistic quasi‐three‐dimensional features such as dislocations in the ribbing pattern, they do not produce genuine three‐dimensional drumlins. We suggest that this inadequacy is due to the treatment of subglacial drainage in the theory as a passive variable, and thus that the three‐dimensional forms may be associated with conditions of sufficient subglacial water flux. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏波密米堆冰湖溃决浅议

1988年7月15日西藏波密米堆终碛湖发生溃决,最大洪峰流量1270立方米/秒,溃决水量540万立方米,形成了大规模的泥石流-洪水灾害。冰湖溃决的原因是;终碛堤存在渗漏薄弱环节,堤内有埋藏冰;持续高温和冰川融水的潜热使埋藏冰融化,由潜蚀而迅速发展成管涌导致溃决。     

北极新奥尔松全新世冰碛物物理化学特征及环境意义

冰碛物是全球的一个主要粉尘源,联系着全球气候、大气气溶胶、海洋元素和生产力的变化。过去对粉尘,特别是沙漠、黄土的研究主要集中在中纬度地区,但对来自高纬度的冰川粉尘研究较少。为了解现代高纬度冰缘环境下冰川作用、搬运作用和化学风化对冰碛物的物理化学性质的影响,本文以北极新奥尔松Austre Lovénbreen冰川（简称A冰川,下同）深度小于5cm的冰碛物（包括小冰期冰碛物和冰沼土）≤2mm组分为对象,测定了小冰期（Little Ice Age,简称LIA）冰碛物和冰沼土的粒径、磁化率以及元素组成。研究表明：1）A冰川冰碛物粒径组成以砂级为主（>63μm）、粉砂级次之（2~63μm）、粘粒最少（ < 2μm）。A冰川冰碛物大部分呈双峰或多峰特征,LIA冰碛物典型双峰峰值为10~30μm和100~200μm;冰沼土为30~60μm和300~450μm。近岸LIA冰碛物和冰沼土相对冰川末端LIA冰碛物具有较粗的平均粒径及较高的正偏度,表明其在沉积之后受搬运作用影响损失了细组分。2）A冰川冰碛物磁化率介于5.5×10^-8~11.4×10^-8m³/kg之间,平均值为7.7×10^-8m³/kg。LIA冰碛物磁化率与总铁含量呈正相关,主要受母岩和搬运作用制约,未受成壤作用影响。3）A冰川冰沼土与LIA冰碛物相比,富Si,但贫Al、Fe、K、Ca、Mg等元素;LIA冰碛物平均化学组成与洛川黄土和上部大陆地壳（Upper Continental Crust,简称UCC）非常接近。A冰川冰碛物CIA平均值为58.57,反映冰缘环境较弱的化学风化条件。A冰川冰碛物CIA值集中分布在UCC至黄土的平均化学组成风化趋势线上,证明了黄土粉尘起源于由一系列的冰川和高山作用产生的沉积物的可能性。分析结果表明,在弱风化的冰缘环境下,CIA值能从整体上反映LIA冰碛物和冰沼土的化学风化差异,但对沉积年龄小的LIA冰碛物而言,搬运作用引起的粒度组成差异和相应的不同矿物类型和含量的改变或是CIA值变化的主要原因。

     

CRITICAL HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS FOR OVERFLOW BURST OF MORAINE LAKE

1OVERFLOWBURSTOFMORAINELAKEFloodwater and debris flow caused by glacial lake burst is an important land process and a serious moun-tain disaster in glacial area. Glacial lakes with burst can divided into the glacier-obstructed lake (ice dam lake) and the terminal moraine lake (XU and FENG, 1988). Typical burst of ice dam lake happens in the modern glacier area of the upper reaches of the Kele-qing River in Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang (WANG, 1990). But most of burst gla…     

祁连山摆浪河全新世冰量变化初探

采用祁连山老虎沟12号冰川2009年RTK测量生成的数字高程模型(DEM), 建立现代冰川表面横截面拟合的二次方程, 结合差分GPS测量的冰碛垄形态, 运用于祁连山摆浪河上游14号冰川和16号冰川全新世以来冰量变化的估算. 结果表明: 新冰期以来冰储量减少0.38 km³, 小冰期以来14号冰川和16号冰川的冰储量分别减少0.016 km³和0.047 km³; 根据祁连山全新世各个时期最大冰川范围的时间, 估计了全新世以来14号和16号冰川冰储量的减少速率, 新冰期以来为12.2×10^-5~15.0×10^-5 km³·a^-1, 小冰期以来分别为4.0×10^-5~5.3×10^-5 km³·a^-1, 11.75×10^-5~15.7×10^-5 km³·a^-1.