Open boundary conditions for nonlinear channel flow

Open boundary conditions are derived for the one-dimensional nonrotating two-layer shallow-water equations. The conditions are based on characteristics of the external and internal modes. It is possible to find exact nonlinear characteristic conditions for the external mode, as well as approximate nonlinear conditions for the internal mode. These conditions can also be linearised by Taylor expansion; the approximate linear conditions are similar to those used in several previous studies. Both of the nonlinear and linearised conditions perform well, indicating that either the nonlinear or linearised conditions may potentially be extended to the more general case of multi-layer flows.     

阿尔金山南缘侏罗系页岩气生烃及储集条件

柴达木盆地阿尔金山南缘侏罗系发育,具备油气生成的条件,但尚未开展页岩气调查评价。通过野外地质测量和样品采集分析,调查了侏罗纪泥页岩发育的厚度、沉积环境,分析了页岩地球化学、储层物性等页岩气地质条件。研究表明,侏罗纪泥页岩累计厚度介于158~250m之间,单层最大厚度89m;沉积环境以深湖-半深湖为主;有机碳含量介于0.15%~7.96%之间,平均2.05%;镜质体反射率介于1.02%~2.50%之间,平均1.41%;有机质类型以Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型为主;泥页岩微裂缝及微孔隙发育,脆性矿物平均含量大于43%。综合分析认为,阿尔金山南缘侏罗系泥页岩具有较好的页岩气生烃和储集条件,可作为页岩气勘查开发的有利层系。     

高温下混凝土水力、热及变形耦合数学模型

针对受高温载荷的混凝土提出了一个水力-热-变形耦合的数学模型,模型中采用了3种不同的连续介质：水蒸汽与干燥空气的混合气体相,液态水以及固态混凝土骨架。在连续介质的Navier-Stokes方程基础上,推导了各相介质的质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程以及混合物整体的能量守恒方程。为了简化问题,引入了若干假设,给出了基于文献资料数据拟合的某些变量的用基本未知量表达的经验公式,建立了基于物理定律的各类运动学变量与其热力学共轭力的本构关系,并给出了系统偏微分方程。     

喷锚支护与土钉墙的力学机理及适用条件

通过对普遍应用于深基坑支护的喷锚支护和土钉墙力学机理的分析和计算 ,认为喷锚支护和土钉墙各有其优点与不足。一般在土体粘性差 ,对变形位移要求较严格的情况下 ,采用喷锚支护较安全可靠 ;对粘性土的基坑 ,采用土钉墙支护 ,具有受力合理、节省造价的优点。     

Quantifying the effect of a freeze–thaw cycle on soil erosion: laboratory experiments

In this paper we quantitatively test the hypothesis that soil freeze–thaw (FT) processes significantly increase the potential for upland hillslope erosion during run‐off events that follow thaw. We selected a highly frost‐susceptible silt to obtain an upper bound on FT effects, and completed three series of six experiments each to quantify differences in soil erosion and rill development in a bare soil following a single FT cycle. Each series represented a specific soil moisture range: 16–18 per cent, 27–30 per cent and 37–40 per cent by volume, with nominal flow rates of 0·4, 1·2 and 2·4 L/min and slopes of 8° and 15°. Each experiment used two identical soil bins: one a control (C) that remained unfrozen, and another that was frozen and thawed once. Standard soil characterization tests did not detect significant differences between the FT and C bins. We measured cross‐sectional geometry of an imposed straight rectangular rill before each experiment, sediment load during and rill cross‐sections after. Changes in cross section provided detailed measures of erosion at specific locations, while sediment load from time series run‐off samples integrated the rill erosion. Several parameters, including average maximum rill width, average maximum rill depth, rill cross‐section depth measures and sediment load, all followed similar trends. Each was greater in the FT than in the C, with values that generally increased with slope and flow. However, soil moisture was the only parameter that affected the FT/C ratios. Average sediment load grouped by soil moisture provided FT/C ratios of 2·4, 3·0 and 5·0 for low, mid and high moisture, respectively. In contrast, a ‘dry’ experiment at 4–5 per cent soil moisture had FT/C of 1·02 for sediment load. These results show a dramatic increase with soil moisture in the rate and quantity of bare soil eroded due to the FT cycle. As both FT and C results were highly sensitive to initial conditions, minimum differences in soil weight, bulk density and soil moisture through each series of experiments were required to achieve consistent results, indicating that rill erosion may be chaotic. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川震区震后七盘沟多级堵溃泥石流形成条件分析

汶川地震导致崩塌滑坡等松散固体物源剧增,为泥石流的形成和加剧创造了基本条件。堵沟溃决型泥石流的形成过程特殊,暴发突然,历时短暂,规模远大于正常泥石流,侵蚀携带能力较强,常造成重大危害。本文以汶川震区七盘沟泥石流为例,分析了泥石流的基本形成条件,详细阐述了堵溃点基本特征,重点分析泥石流多级堵溃过程,为进一步认识震后堵溃泥石流的形成过程、参数取值、防治措施提供参考。     

Factors influencing the behavior of buried pipelines subjected to earthquake faulting

Seismic ground faulting is a severe hazard for continuous buried pipelines. Over the years, researchers have attempted to understand pipe behavior, most frequently via numerical modeling and simulation. However, there has been little, if any, physical modeling and tests to verify the numerical modeling approaches and assumptions. This paper presents results of five pairs of centrifuge tests designed to investigate the influence of various factors on the behavior of buried high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipelines subjected to strike-slip faulting. Parameters considered are the soil moisture content, fault offset rate, relative burial depth (H/D), and pipe diameter. The centrifuge test results show that pipe behavior, specifically pipe strain, is nominally not affected by the soil moisture content and fault offset rate when the pipe is subjected to strike-slip faulting. On the other hand, the burial depth ratio (H/D) and pipe diameter influence peak pipe strain, and in some cases, the ground soil failure pattern.     

蒙古国南部曼莱苏木铜金矿区地质特征与找矿远景研究

曼莱苏木铜金矿区是蒙古国南部曼莱—曼达赫成矿带上一个新发现的铜金矿区。对曼莱苏木铜金矿区与该成矿带上的欧玉陶勒盖铜金矿床、查干苏布尔加铜钼矿床的分析对比,认为它们具有相同或相似的成矿地质特征,表明曼莱苏木铜金矿区成矿地质条件十分有利,并圈定了乌兰敖包和奥尤特两个成矿远景区。     

辽河盆地大民屯凹陷古近系沙河街组页岩气成藏地质条件研究

辽河盆地大民屯凹陷厚层暗色富有机质泥页岩的沉积特征研究和地球化学数据分析结果表明,大民屯古近系凹陷古近系沙河街组发育湖泊和扇三角洲沉积。在扇三角洲中的沼泽地带,发育富有机质的碳质泥岩。暗色泥岩主要产生于半深湖-深湖环境中,具有厚度大、连续性强、分布广的特点。泥岩中的干酪根类型主要以腐泥腐殖质型(II2)和腐殖型(III)为主,利于产气。有机质成熟度(Ro)平均为0.8%~1.3%,有机质处于低熟-成熟阶段。TOC平均为3%~8.46%,有机质丰度较高。脆性矿物总量达到29.0%~51.7%,有利于页岩气的开采。页岩气类型主要为热成因页岩气和生物化学成因页岩气。在页岩气成藏的地质因素分析基础上,综合研究认为,荣胜堡洼陷和三台子洼陷是沙河街组页岩气富集的有利区域。     

Genesis and evolution of high-pCO2 groundwaters of the Mukhen spa (Russian Far East)

We present the chemical and isotope compositions of the water and gas phases of the unique Mukhen cold high-pCO₂ spa. Estimated 5¹⁸O, 5D, and 5¹³C_tic values and data on geology and hydrogeology of the studied area indicate that the source of the groundwaters is meteoric waters, whereas carbon dioxide is of deep genesis and numerous regional faults are gas-feeding channels. Calculations of equilibrium reactions in the water-rock system show that the upper-aquifer waters (HCO₃-Ca-Mg) with low TDS are undersaturated with carbonate minerals, montmorillonites, and aluminosilicates but are oversaturated with kaolinite, whereas the lower-aquifer waters (HCO3-Na) with high TDS are oversaturated with calcite, dolomite, and clay minerals but are undersaturated with main aluminosilicates. We propose a new concept of the formation of these groundwaters, demonstrating that long interaction between rocks and groundwaters in the presence of CO₂ and considerable precipitation of secondary minerals are responsible for the high TDS of the lower-aquifer waters (up to 14 g/L) and their geochemical type (HCO₃-Na) and unusual isotope composition (5¹⁸O = -25.2%c, 5D = -69.0%c).