Measuring Individuals' Spatial Access to Healthy Foods by Incorporating Mobility,Time, and Mode: Activity Space Measures

Spatial access to healthy foods has drawn growing attention regarding the relationship with people's health conditions and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Individuals' differences and the impact of travel behaviors on food accessibility, however, are rarely studied. This study incorporates mobility, time, and transportation mode components to measure each individual's access to healthy foods. We employed three activity space measures to estimate food accessibility: route network buffer, time-weighted standard deviational ellipse (SDE), and mode-weighted SDE. Food accessibility in three activity spaces shows similar variabilities. Geographic size and spatial access to healthy foods differ significantly by income and employment for all three activity space measures. People with higher incomes and those who are currently employed are likely to have larger activity spaces and higher food accessibility. As age increases, people tend to increase their size of activity spaces (in both SDE measures) and food accessibility significantly. Females are likely to have smaller activity spaces and less accessibility to healthy foods (only in the time-weighted SDE measure). Geographic size and spatial access do not differ significantly by education and number of vehicles per household. Although three activity spaces are highly correlated in both geographic size and spatial access, differences still exist among them.     

Resistive instabilities in rapidly rotating fluids: Linear theory of the convective modes

Abstract

This paper analyzes the linear stability of a rapidly-rotating, stratified sheet pinch in a gravitational field, g, perpendicular to the sheet. The sheet pinch is a layer (O ? z ? d) of inviscid, Boussinesq fluid of electrical conductivity σ, magnetic permeability μ, and almost uniform density ρ _o; z is height. The prevailing magnetic field. B _o(z), is horizontal at each z level, but varies in direction with z. The angular velocity, Ω, is vertical and large (Ω ? V_A/d, where V_A = B₀√(μρ₀) is the Alfvén velocity). The Elsasser number, Λ = σB² ₀/2Ωρ₀, measures σ. A (modified) Rayleigh number, R = gβd²/ρ₀V² _A, measures the buoyancy force, where β is the imposed density gradient, antiparallel to g. A Prandtl number, P_K = μσK, measures the diffusivity, k, of density differences.     

离散滑模控制在位置随动系统中的应用

根据改进的离散趋近律设计了位置随动系统的滑模变结构控制算法,仿真结果表明:该算法不仅实现了系统对位置信号的跟踪,还克服了常规离散趋近律参数选择不当出现的抖振现象,是一种具有应用价值的非线性控制方法。     

一种H.264帧内模式选择快速算法

基于空域的帧内预测是H．264采用的一项重要技术，对编码性能的提高具有重要作用。但是由于支持的帧内预测模式较多，使用率失真优化模型计算的编码复杂度很高。利用像素边缘方向信息，相邻块预测模式间的相关性提出了一种帧内模式选择快速算法，可以预先排除约60％的预测模式，从而减小对率失真优化模型的调用。实验结果表明，算法在基本保持H．264原算法性能的同时，编码时间减少70％以上。     

Linear stability of one‐dimensional non‐Darcy flow in broken rocks

Considering the effect of non‐Darcy flow, the perturbation theory and normal mode method are introduced to analyze the linear stability of one‐dimensional non‐Darcy flow of gases in broken rocks. A stability criterion for linear systems is obtained theoretically when the steady states of pressure and velocity fields are perturbed, and the effects of the physical parameters on the linear governing system are studied theoretically and numerically. It is pointed out that the deviation coefficient from Darcy's law plays an important role in the governing system; the increasing absolute value of deviation coefficient from Darcy's law stabilizes the system, and the numerical results are shown graphically. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同养殖模式对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)营养品质及特征风味的影响研究

为研究池塘内循环流水养殖与传统池塘养殖模式条件下鲫鱼的营养品质及特征风味, 对鲫鱼形体、基础营养成分、蒸煮损失和持水力、肌肉蛋白质消化率、氨基酸、脂肪酸和挥发性化合物含量等指标进行分析评价。结果表明: 跑道组和池塘组鲫鱼的形体指标和基础营养成分具有较大差异, 其中跑道组具有高蛋白低脂肪的特点。同时两种养殖模式下鲫鱼的蒸煮损失和持水力相接近。跑道组鲫鱼蛋白质消化率显著高于池塘组鲫鱼(P<0.05)。游离氨基酸分析结果表明跑道组鲫鱼中鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸和谷氨酸)和甜味氨基酸(谷氨酸和丙氨酸等)含量均显著高于池塘组(P<0.05), 因此跑道组鲫鱼可能具有更佳的风味。此外两种养殖模式下鲫鱼肌肉氨基酸组成无显著差异(P<0.05), 然而跑道组鲫鱼不饱和脂肪酸含量(4.803 8 g/100 g)高于池塘组(1.411 1 g/100 g)。基于GC-IMS结果可知, 两种养殖模式下鲫鱼的挥发性化合物具有显著差异。通过层次聚类热图分析从57种挥发性化合物中筛选出了33种特性差异标记物用以区分不同养殖模式下的鲫鱼。研究结果表明, 池塘内循环流水跑道养殖在一定程度上对鲫鱼营养品质和特征风味有所改善, 可以通过GC-IMS技术进行有效快速鉴别, 同时阐明了风味感官差异的物质基础, 为淡水鱼养殖模式选择和产品定位提供理论基础。     

基于单、双重渗透介质降雨边界处理的改进

在降雨入渗模拟中,现有研究无法准确实现复杂降雨条件下降雨边界在流量与压力两类边界之间的双向动态转换。基于饱和?非饱和渗流理论,将降雨补给流量与实际入渗流量的差值作为两类边界动态转换的判别条件,改进了单重渗透介质降雨边界动态转换控制方程,并进一步提出了双重渗透介质降雨边界处理方法及控制方程,在此基础上进行了数值试验及工程实例验证。结果表明：改进的降雨边界动态转换控制方程克服了传统降雨边界只能实现流量到压力边界单向转换的局限性,可准确实现流量边界与压力边界的双向动态实时转换;案例边坡的降雨入渗模拟结果说明了改进后降雨边界的正确性和工程适用性。     

改进的岩质凸块的超载储备极限平衡法

脱离模式是块体理论提出的有限可动块体的失稳模式之一。虽然直接塌落是地下工程中最常见的失稳现象,但是目前依然缺少适用的定量分析方法,这使得地下工程的开挖和加固设计缺乏必要的理论支撑。为此,提出了一种改进的考虑渐进破坏的岩块稳定分析方法。主要改进了3处：(1)引入超载基数和超载方向两个参数来量化描述储备荷载;(2)提出了Tan和Scal两种超载基数设定方式;(3)超载方向设定在节理锥的边界扇面上。算例验证结果表明,改进方法完全兼容现有双面滑模式的安全系数算法,实现了脱离模式的定量稳定性分析。最后,讨论了改进方法的刚度参数取值方法及其敏感性。     

海域孔隙型储层天然气水合物赋存模式定量化表征：声波和电阻率测井的约束

海域孔隙型天然气水合物储层中,水合物主要以颗粒胶结、包裹胶结、骨架支撑、孔隙悬浮4种赋存模式充填沉积物孔隙,水合物饱和度与赋存模式的不同导致了储层弹性和电性的差异,利用声波和电阻率测井资料联合处理可以进行水合物赋存模式的定量表征。首先利用Simandoux公式计算水合物饱和度,然后通过有效介质模型构建的岩石物理模板识别水合物赋存模式,最后计算储层中不同赋存模式水合物的相对占比。以全球范围内三个典型区域(中国南海神狐海域、北美Blake海台、新西兰Hikurangi边缘)为例,利用水合物储层的实际钻探资料,对水合物赋存模式进行定量分析：(1)中国南海神狐海域SH2站位储层中,水合物主要以骨架支撑模式产出,约占水合物总量的64%;(2)Blake海台994C站位储层中,水合物主要为颗粒胶结和包裹胶结模式,分别占总量的27%和51%;(3)Hikurangi边缘U1518B站位的水合物储层中,水合物主要为包裹胶结和骨架支撑模式,分别占总量的32%和47%。前人针对水合物形成和赋存模式的实验研究显示,水合物更易以颗粒胶结、包裹胶结和骨架支撑模式赋存,从侧面验证了上述分析结果的可靠性。本研究使用...