如何利用计算机技术进行地图投影变换

在目前流行的计算机制图中，必须面对如何解决使用不同投影的地图资料的问题，本文从实际应用的角度出发，介绍并讨论解决方法及应用手段。     

WiFi-PDR室内组合定位的无迹卡尔曼滤波算法

针对当前室内定位的应用需求和亟待解决的关键问题,结合城市室内环境下广泛存在的WiFi无线信号以及智能手机传感器信息,提出了一种WiFi无线信号联合行人航迹推算(PDR)的室内定位方法。该方法采用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法对WiFi和PDR定位信息进行融合处理,有效克服了WiFi单点定位精度低和PDR存在累计误差的问题。针对融合算法中WiFi指纹匹配计算量大的问题,用k-means聚类算法对WiFi指纹库进行聚类处理,降低了指纹匹配算法的计算量,提高了算法的实时性。通过在华为P6-U06智能手机平台上实际测试,在时间效率上经过聚类处理后系统定位耗时有很大程度的改善,平均降幅为51%,其中最大降幅达到64%,最小的也达到了36%;在定位精度上,当室内人员为行走状态时WiFi定位平均误差为7.76m,PDR定位平均误差为4.57m,UKF滤波融合后平均定位误差下降到1.24m。     

地球观测数据共享的发展和趋势

地球观测数据共享是地球科学和相关学科科研活动中非常重要的基础性工作,是对地观测信息生命周期中的重要环节。受到由资源提供者、资源消费者和资源加工者组成的社会生态系统发展变化的影响,共享模式经历了无共享、项目共享、部门共享、社会共享等渐进的4个发展阶段,并呈现出区域差异和阶段差异。地球观测数据共享的概念体系包含数据开放、数据共享、数据互联等不同层次的问题,并受到信息技术等使能技术的驱动。其中开放性代表数据在网络中可被访问的状态,共享性是对于数据重复使用的授权和模式,互联性则是强调可共享数据资源在科学含义上的相互理解。而地球观测数据共享的技术体系则包含数据开放技术、数据共享技术和数据出版与引用技术。目前地球观测领域的数据共享正在经历巨大的文化、政策、技术和应用变革,下一代的地球观测数据设施集中体现了数据的共享和协作,并将呈现国际化、多学科化、标准化、设施化、大数据化和公众社会化等新的技术特征,将对相关科学活动产生重大影响。     

Statistical identification of orographic effects in the regional analysis of extreme rainfall

Regional models of extreme rainfall must address the spatial variability induced by orographic obstacles. However, the proper detection of orographic effects often depends on the availability of a well‐designed rain gauge network. The aim of this study is to investigate a new method for identifying and characterizing the effects of orography on the spatial structure of extreme rainfall at the regional scale, including where rainfall data are lacking or fail to describe rainfall features thoroughly. We analyse the annual maxima of daily rainfall data in the Campania region, an orographically complex region in Southern Italy, and introduce a statistical procedure to identify spatial outliers in a low order statistic (namely the mean). The locations of these outliers are then compared with a pattern of orographic objects that has been a priori identified through the application of an automatic geomorphological procedure. The results show a direct and clear link between a particular set of orographic objects and a local increase in the spatial variability of extreme rainfall. This analysis allowed us to objectively identify areas where orography produces enhanced variability in extreme rainfall. It has direct implications for rain gauge network design criteria and has led to promising developments in the regional analysis of extreme rainfall. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2协同反演干旱区地表土壤水分--以格尔木河中下游为例

摘要：土壤水分是全球水循环的重要组成成分,对研究土壤水分的空间分布、农作物长势和产量 、气候变化、水资源时空分布等有着重要意义 。本文利用Sentinel（哨兵）系列主动微波雷达卫星SAR（Sentinel-1）结合光学卫星（Sentinel-2）对格尔木中下游低矮植被覆盖下的地表土壤水分进行反演研究, 探讨不同极化组合方式和水云模型前后的土壤水分含量反演方法的适用性。结果表明：其中VV (VV Polarization) 极化对比VH (VH Polarization) 极化更加适用该区域,VV极化结合归一化水指数 (NDWI）反演地表土壤水分精度达到42.6%,拟合精度最高,VH极化仅为22.6%;利用水云模型去除植被覆盖后对地表土壤水分的反演精度有所提升,其中,VV极化精度提高约3.5%,VH极化提高1.5%;Sentinel系列卫星影像对于干旱区的土壤水分的反演具有较好的适用性。本文旨在探索一种适用于该研究区乃至柴达木盆地土壤水分实现大面积实时监测的可靠依据和手段。     

长江经济带新型城镇化协调性的趋同与差异研究

近10年来,城镇化进程中暴露的很多问题可以归结为城镇化的协调性问题,本文以“人地关系”理论为基础,从城乡、产城、城镇化区域和城镇化与资源环境协调发展4个方面来衡量新型城镇化的协调性。并以长江经济带为研究区域,运用空间杜宾面板模型(spatial Durbin panel data model, SDPDM)从经验上考察新型城镇化协调性的俱乐部与条件趋同现象,发现制约长江经济带东、中、西部新型城镇化协调性的因素并不一致：东部城市应进一步加强城镇化同资源环境的协调,促进区域间的协同发展;中部城市应改变大拆大建的城市建设模式,着重发展服务业和增强城市间的合作;西部城市应进一步推进市场开放进程,减少政府对市场的干预和城市建设中的攀比,发展服务业和促进本地经济增长。同时,限制城市人口增长的政策对于新型城镇化协调性不存在显著影响,而放开户籍管制,则会促进人口向城市集聚;无论从促进第三产业发展、产城融合或是城乡协调发展,均会对新型城镇化协调性起到正向作用。     

Formation of Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor RR Lyrae Stars

Carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars are considered to be related to the first generation of stars, and responsible for the chemical evolution of the early Galaxy. More than half of them are in binaries, and could be explained by the binary evolution, but the formation channel of them is still not fully understood. Among the hundreds of CEMP stars, there are nine CEMP RR Lyrae stars identified, and at least seven of which are very likely not binaries. The usual binary star evolution channel is difficult to produce such a single star, particularly that of carbon enrichment. One way in which such a single star might be produced is the merger of a helium white dwarf with a Hertzsprung gap (HG) star. We use a stellar evolution program to calculate the models of the merger remnants, and find that the models can reproduce the observed distribution of these CEMP single RR Lyrae stars in terms of surface temperature, gravity, and carbon abundance. Hence, it is extremely possible that the helium white dwarf and HG star merger model is one of the formation channels of the metal-poor carbon-rich RR Lyrae stars.     

Prediction of Seaward Slope Recession in Berm Breakwaters Using M5' Machine Learning Approach

In the design process of berm breakwaters, their front slope recession has an inevitable rule in large number of model tests, and this parameter being studied. This research draws its data from Moghim’s and Shekari’s experiment results. These experiments consist of two different 2D model tests in two wave flumes, in which the berm recession to different sea state and structural parameters have been studied. Irregular waves with a JONSWAP spectrum were used in both test series. A total of 412 test results were used to cover the impact of sea state conditions such as wave height, wave period, storm duration and water depth at the toe of the structure, and structural parameters such as berm elevation from still water level, berm width and stone diameter on berm recession parameters. In this paper, a new set of equations for berm recession is derived using the M5'' model tree as a machine learning approach. A comparison is made between the estimations by the new formula and the formulae recently given by other researchers to show the preference of new M5'' approach.     

迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波用于实时GPS数据处理

标准的卡尔曼滤波可以扩展到非线性模型,即将泰勒公式应用于状态方程和观测方程,得到扩展卡尔曼滤波公式。首先推导了计算公式,研究了迭代计算方法,并将其用于GPS数据的实时处理。     

城市交通综合信息平台GIS-T数据组织关键技术

交通综合信息平台的建设已经成为各大城市信息化建设的重点,而平台建设的核心又在于交通地理信息(GIS-T)数据库。根据GIS-T数据库在整个信息平台中所起到的作用,详细讨论了在支持数据可视化、各类数据的组织与管理以及数据存储模型等方面的关键技术和实现方法,对整个交通综合信息平台的建设具有指导意义和参考价值。