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REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Geographic Software Reviewed in this article: APPLEPIPS IBM EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE SERIES: EARTH SCIENCE SERIES . Moisture in the Atmosphere, Hydrologic Cycle, Surface Water and Ground Water. MINI-MAX MULTIMAP . Barry R. Cohen . Planning Data Systems WORLD GEOGRAPHY SERIES, U.S. GEOGRAPHY QUIZ, U.S. GEOGRAPHY ADVENTURE     

Unbiased identification of nonlinear sorption characteristics by soil column breakthrough experiments

Accurate identification of interactions of reactive solutes with porous media constituents is necessary for reliable risk assessment studies and the development of efficient sanitation strategies. Standard parameter estimation procedures bear a number of unsolved problems with respect to uniqueness and identifiability. This paper presents a new approach for the identification of nonlinear interaction parameters of column outflow experiments. The procedure requires no a priori assumptions on the shape of the underlying interaction process functions. Employing experimental data sets on cadmium and anthracene breakthrough as case studies, possible applications of the new approach will be shown, and its features will be discussed. Error analysis based on singular value decomposition of the sensitivity matrix quantifies the identification error. Identification procedures without a priori shape information are superior to fixed parametrizations in diagnostic investigations, especially in cases without reliable a priori knowledge on the sorptive interactions.     

一种北斗卫星钟差短期预报新方法

为提高北斗卫星的定位与授时精度,必须准确计算出卫星钟差数值。本文考虑北斗卫星钟差中随机部分误差的影响,尝试建立北斗卫星钟差拟合推估模型,根据拟合推估两步极小解法解算该模型,在求解协方差函数系数中,依据模型残差拟合多项式系数;并与常用的灰理论模型、拟合推估的正常解法钟差预报模型结果进行比对,算例结果表明了两步极小解法及拟合推估模型在北斗卫星钟差短期预报方面的有效性。     

一种结合能量最小和马尔可夫随机场的图像分割方法

提出一种新的基于马尔可夫随机场(Markov Random Field,MRF)的图像分割算法。根据Gibbs分布与MRF的等价性,图像分割问题转换为后验能量函数最小化所对应的标号问题。该文采用图割技术的-αexpansion算法进行后验能量函数的局部最优化,并通过近似于最大期望(EM)算法的迭代过程估算数据模型中的参数。对合成图像和遥感图像的分割实验表明,该方法的运算时间和分割精度都能达到满意的效果。     

GSTARS computer models and their applications, part I： theoretical development

GSTARS is a series of computer models developed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for alluvial river and reservoir sedimentation studies while the authors were employed by that agency. The first version of GSTARS was released in 1986 using Fortran IV for mainframe computers. GSTARS 2.0 was released in 1998 for personal computer application with most of the code in the original GSTARS revised, improved, and expanded using Fortran IV/77. GSTARS 2.1 is an improved and revised GSTARS 2.0 with graphical user interface. The unique features of all GSTARS models are the conjunctive use of the stream tube concept and of the minimum stream power theory. The application of minimum stream power theory allows the determination of optimum channel geometry with variable channel width and cross-sectional shape. The use of the stream tube concept enables the simulation of river hydraulics using one-dimensional numerical solutions to obtain a semi-two- dimensional presentation of the hydraulic conditions along and across an alluvial channel. According to the stream tube concept, no water or sediment particles can cross the walls of stream tubes, which is valid for many natural rivers. At and near sharp bends, however, sediment particles may cross the boundaries of stream tubes. GSTARS3, based on FORTRAN 90/95, addresses this phenomenon and further expands the capabilities of GSTARS 2.1 for cohesive and non-cohesive sediment transport in rivers and reservoirs. This paper presents the concepts, methods, and techniques used to develop the GSTARS series of computer models, especially GSTARS3.     

On the optimality criterion in structural control

The classical performance index optimization control algorithm is considered in order to check the real optimality of the control procedure; the basic steps for the optimal algorithm are reviewed, and the equation for the optimal control force derived. It is shown that the optimality conditions cannot be met with regard to the performance index, unless one is concerned with simple free oscillations. It is proved that in this case on one side the optimal control turns out to be of the linear closed‐loop type, yielding explicit optimal control coefficients, and on the other side that no solution can exist of the optimal problem for a generic forcing function. It is concluded that one is forced to calibrate the control force for free oscillations, and that the reliability of the index procedure mainly rests on some implicit expectation that linear control can be calibrated in the absence of the external disturbance and that it works under forced oscillations as well. Furthermore, the problem of delayed active control, with reference to a s.d.o.f. system controlled by a closed‐loop linear algorithm and under the action of a dynamic forcing function is investigated. In particular, the effects produced on the response of the structure by the introduction in the control law of assessed critical values of time delay are analysed and the comparison is proposed between the numerical results that one gets by adopting two different procedures (on one hand the above‐mentioned optimal linear control law and on the other hand the constrained minimization of the structural response norm) to compensate for time lag occurring in the actuation of the active control servomechanisms. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

使用多指数模型的 SAR 海冰图像偏差场校正

提出了一种使用多指数模型的SAR 海冰图像入射角偏差场校正的新算法, 该算法先对SAR 图像进行方 位向取平均, 然后用多指数模型对一维校正场建模, 应用熵值最小化方法求取最优的一维校正场, 再用推出的二维 校正场对原始图像进行校正。实验结果表明, 该算法对于SAR 海冰图像的入射角偏差场校正是有效的。与Karvonen 的算法相比, 该算法有更好的校正效果, 且不需要提供像素的入射角信息。     

石油地震纵横波速度层析成像

本文以分层均匀"多层介质模型"为依据,正演模拟多炮人工地面地震记录.其观测方式为:三炮位置分别在1500m,2500m,3500m处;道检距25m,140道(或道检距5m,700道),偏移距1000 m.为提高地震反射层析成像的精度,运用"走时最小纵横波速度层析成像"与"波形基本解纵横波速度层析成像"相结合的方法,反演...