OPTIMIZATION OF SEEPAGE RATE THROUGH A TRIANGULAR CORE

Seepage through a triangular dam core is studied by the hodograph method. Core slope providing minimal seepage rate at prescribed head value and core cross-sectional area is found. A simple flow pattern involving seepage face, constant head, and non-flow boundaries is assumed. Seepage through a cake of low permeable sediments deposited along the bottom of a channel is treated analogously. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于能量最小化原理的弹性波CT成像频域有限元反演算法

在材料和模型实验中,试样内部位移场的精确量测对于加载过程中试样力学性质的研究有着十分重要的意义。提出基于能量最小化原理的弹性波CT成像频域有限元反演算法,并在波动方程的基础上通过有限元数值实验,利用估计位移场和实际位移场的偏差,得出包括密度ρ和拉梅常数λ在内的单元材料参数的更新梯度,进一步经过若干次正负反馈的迭代,实现试样参数的反演。该算法避开已有方法中求解参数更新梯度Jacobi矩阵的过程,计算效率得到极大的提高。计算结果表明,在已知位移场的情况下,迭代更新λ的效率和准确性较高;在已知部分节点实际位移的情况下,参数迭代效率与观测网格密度正相关。     

Feasible numerical method for analysis of offshore pipeline in installation

Feasible numerical method for a structural analysis of a pipeline configuration during the installation process is presented. The method considers the whole pipeline, which is partially suspended and partially laid-on a seabed, as a single continuous segment, and is valid for a complete range of laying angles between 0°–90°, i.e., valid for both S-lay and J-lay configurations. The method accounts for a pipeline–seabed interaction and the pipeline is modeled by means of nonlinear large deformation beam theory. The numerical solution is carried out in an incremental-iterative manner by following the actual pipeline installation process, and thus allowing efficient treatment of pipeline-seabed interaction circumventing the further complexities with contact detection. At each increment, the length of the pipeline is increased and new sequential equilibrium configuration is assessed by direct minimization of a total potential energy approximated as a Riemann sum, which yields algebraic system of nonlinear finite difference equations that is further solved by iterations with Newton-Raphson technique. The simplicity, flexibility and robustness of the proposed method allow to enhance the efficiency of engineering calculations and design. Accounting for a bending stiffness in a suspended part allows analyzing variations in laying angle and lay tension independently. The method convergence is validated and compared with Abaqus. The results are in an excellent agreement. Moreover, the comparison with Abaqus shows that for the selected parameters the assumption that the pipeline is inextensible and unshearable is very reasonable. Representative parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. Parametric study considers the effects of laying angle (0°–90°), lay tension, laying water depth (up to 3000 m) and seabed stiffness.     

A non-iterative and non-singular perturbation solution for transforming Cartesian to geodetic coordinates

The Cartesian-to-Geodetic coordinate transformation is re-cast as a minimization algorithm for the height of the Satellite above the reference Earth surface. Optimal necessary conditions are obtained that fix the satellite ground track vector components in the Earth surface. The introduction of an artificial perturbation variable yields a rapidly converging second order power series solution. The initial starting guess for the solution provides 3–4 digits of precision. Convergence of the perturbation series expansion is accelerated by replacing the series solution with a Padé approximation. For satellites with heights < 30,000 km the second-order expansions yields ~mm satellite geodetic height errors and ~10⁻¹² rad errors for the geodetic latitude. No quartic or cubic solutions are required: the algorithm is both non-iterative and non-singular. Only two square root and two arc-tan calculations are required for the entire transformation. The proposed algorithm has been measured to be ~41% faster than the celebrated Bowring method. Several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithm.     

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一种偏振定标单元方位角误差的约束非线性最小化优化定标方法

偏振定标单元(Polarization Calibration Unit, PCU)对于定标由偏振系统和天文望远镜产生的仪器偏振至关重要, 然而偏振定标单元 中偏振元件光轴的方位角误差是限制定标精度的主要因素之一. 为解决该问题, 提出了一种基于约束非线性最 小化优化的方位角误差定标方法, 该方法具有定标精度高、定标速度快的优点. 首先将偏振定标单元中的线性 偏振片和四分之一波片的光轴方位角误差设置为两个待优化的自由变量, 然后利用产生和测量的Stokes参数 以及偏振定标获得的响应矩阵定义优化目标函数, 最终使用约束非线性最小化优化方法来确定 两个偏振元件的方位角误差. 分别从理论模拟和实际测量两个方面对优化方法进行了验证, 实验结果表明, 该 优化方法能够成功获得上述两个方位角误差, 精度分别优于2.79$''$和2.72$''$. 此外, 从理论上 计算分析了不同方位角误差对各Stokes分量的影响情况. 该优化方法有望应用到我国太阳望远镜中偏振定标 装置的误差定标及研制之中.     

天然气水合物稳定带的计算方法与参数选择探讨

天然气水合物稳定带的研究对于认识天然气水合物的成矿与分布规律以及资源评价都具有重要的指导意义。在计算稳定带厚度的不同方法之间,特别是在参数的选择上存在很大的差异。通过简单评价天然气水合物稳定带计算的几种方法和参数选择,认为选择压力计算公式时要考虑孔隙水产生的压力、海底以上水柱的压力和大气压;考虑大气压的压力随纬度变化的二阶方程是最符合实际的深度-压力转换方程;通过实验得到的方程只适用于纯水或盐度为33.5‰的海水中纯甲烷的预测;根据热力学理论可以计算不同盐度、不同气体组分的稳定带的温压条件;用相平衡图的方法最简单,但误差很大;通过四阶方程拟合实验数据和热力学数据得到的稳定带厚度更接近实际情况;不同方法预测的稳定带底界与实际含水合物沉积底界很难一致。     

Stage–discharge estimation in straight compound channels using isovel contours

For various hydrological applications such as flood control projects, a knowledge of stage–discharge relationship is of particular interest to river engineers. Stage–discharge curves in compound channels cannot be easily predicted in comparison with single channels due to their 3D characteristics of flow. In this paper, the concept of cross‐sectional isovel contours is used for estimation of stage–discharge curves in compound channels. The multivariate Newton's method is applied to the difference between the observed and estimated data to optimize the exponent values of the governing parameters. The accuracy of the proposed model is tested successfully against available experimental results, which are taken from the Flood Channel Facility (FCF) laboratory. Then the results are compared with the Single and Divided Channel Methods (SCM and DCM, respectively), the Weighted Divided Channel Method (WDCM), the exchange discharge method (EDM), and the Coherence Method (COHM). The average values of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) in discharge estimation based on each referenced section at any level for 6 sections of the experimental cases are within 3.1% and 0.023, respectively. The biggest advantage of the proposed method is its inherent simplicity, which does not need any calibration.     

单张影像月球着陆区选取技术

提出了一种基于单张影像的月球着陆区快速选取方法.首先在分析月面光照成像模型基础上,提出了一种新的改进的光照模型和一个新的约束条件,采用明暗恢复形状(SFS)算法得到月面3维形貌;然后综合影像和得到的3维形貌,计算月面地形粗糙度,采用两步筛选的方法,选取着陆区域.实验结果表明,该方法较好地实现了着陆区的选取.     

CT辐射量降低和投影数目研究

改进CT技术的最终目标是用较低的辐射剂量重建出更高质量的图像以降低患癌症的风险.近年来受压缩感知理论的启发,减少投影角度重建一直是减少辐射量的一个热门课题.但是,当辐射剂量固定,减少投影角度并不总是意味着更好的图像质量.本文研究固定辐射剂量下图像质量和扫描角度数目的关系.数值实验表明对于固定的辐射剂量,起初图像质量随着扫描角度数目的增加而提高,但是当扫描角度数目足够大之后图像质量反而下降了.在等角全扫描模式下,对于我们测试的辐射剂量和图像,产生最佳图像质量的最佳扫描角度数目是300,这对于实际的应用具有借鉴意义.