椭圆-抛物线双屈服面模型参数灵敏度分析

利用两种土石料三轴CD试验数据确定两组椭圆-抛物双屈服面模型参数,研究了模型参数? 、KG、n、h、m、M1、M2和pr分别单独变化（而其他参数保持不变）对模型所反映的土的应力-应变关系的影响。结果表明,土体的体积应变对参数h、m比较敏感;? 、KG、n对剪胀性土的体变影响较大,而对剪缩性土体变影响不明显;? 、KG、n、h和m对模型反映的强度没有影响;pr变化对体变和强度影响均较小。M1和M2对强度和体变均有显著影响,且M1和M2中的小值决定模型的强度。定义了灵敏度,即一种用于表示模型参数对其所反映的应力-应变的影响程度的参数。分析表明,不同的参数,其灵敏度差异很大;不同的土类,参数灵敏度差异也较大。实际应用时,对灵敏度大的参数取值应特别慎重。     

隧道单层衬砌设计方法研究及应用

目前,在单层衬砌设计中应用较为广泛的是基于挪威法的Q系统支护设计法,但该方法涉及的参数有6个,在施工前及施工过程中测试这些参数经验性较强,准确性不高,而且费用较高;将Q法直接移植到中国的单层衬砌设计困难较大,不适合中国国情。在此背景下,提出以屈服接近度和围岩松动圈支护理论为基础的单层衬砌设计原则和方法,并结合合武铁路大别山隧道2号斜井进行了工程实践。首先通过地质勘查得到隧道所在地区的工程地质、水文地质特征以及围岩的物理力学指标,确定隧道围岩的屈服接近度,进而提出单层衬砌支护参数及喷射混凝土的力学控制指标,完成结构的预设计;根据隧道施工过程中实测的围岩松动圈范围,运用松动圈支护理论修正设计,从而形成一套完整的单层衬砌设计方法体系。实践表明,提出的单层衬砌设计方法经济适用、对施工干扰小,适合信息化施工,且施作完成的单层衬砌结构安全可靠,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益,有较大的推广前景。     

硬脆性大理岩拉剪破坏特征与屈服准则研究

岩土工程中常用的屈服准则多以压缩剪切为其破坏机制,然而硬脆性岩体的脆性破坏包括拉伸破坏、张拉剪切破坏和压缩剪切破坏3类,且随着岩体工程向深部发展,张拉剪切破坏成为了洞壁围岩的主要破坏机制。针对此问题,开展了硬脆性大理岩的室内拉剪试验,分析了大理岩拉剪破坏特征,并结合压剪试验结果,建立了考虑张拉剪切破坏机制和应力状态影响的Mohr-Coulomb准则。研究结果表明,硬脆性大理岩破裂面在拉剪应力状态和低正应力压剪应力状态下均具有张拉剪切破坏特征,高正应力压剪应力状态下则只具有压缩剪切滑移特征;拉剪应力状态下,大理岩破裂面张拉破坏特征明显,无明显剪切痕迹,剪切力固定时,剪切位移随着轴向拉力增加而增加;凝聚力和内摩擦角受应力状态影响,凝聚力随正应力增大先减小后增大,内摩擦角则随正应力的增大而减小;凝聚力、内摩擦角随正应力的变化趋势可分为4段,拉剪段、低压应力段、中压应力段和高压应力段,每段的凝聚力、内摩擦角与正应力皆可认为是线性关系,靠近抗拉强度处,内摩擦角趋近90°,凝聚力趋于无穷大;考虑张拉剪切破坏机制和应力状态影响的Mohr-Coulomb准则曲线分为两部分,可采用二次抛物线进行拟合的拉剪段和考虑凝聚力、内摩擦角随正应力演化的压剪段,由此建立的Mohr-Coulomb准则更全面、精度也更高。     

降水丰枯变化和产流条件改变对汾河径流影响的定量研究

定量分析汾河径流锐减的形成原因是汾河流域水资源可持续利用与管理中迫切需要解决的问题。本项研究首先采用降水-径流双累积曲线对汾河流域产流条件演变过程进行了两个时期的划分;然后采用距平百分比法对汾河流域年降水系列进行了丰枯状态划分,并建立了汾河河津站年径流量与当年降水量、上一年降水量之间的多元动态回归模型;并运用该模型定量分析了降水丰枯变化和产流条件改变对汾河径流的影响程度。结果表明：在1956-1973年间的产流条件下,降水变化使得河津站年均径流量平均减少约22.71%;在1974-2008年间的产流条件下,降水变化使得河津站年均径流量在平、枯两种年份平均减少了约18.95%;在1956-1973年间的年降水为平水或枯水条件下,产流条件改变使得河津站年均径流量减少了约47.11%;在1974-2008年间的降水条件下,产流条件改变使得河津站年均径流量减少了约55.20%。     

小型煤矿矿井涌水量预测方法探讨

矿坑涌水量的大小是反映一定充水条件下,矿坑充水程度的定量指标,该指标将做为矿山开采设计中制定防治水方案的依据.以河南省安阳县铜冶二矿为例,分别采用比拟法和解释法两种方法对该煤矿技术改造设计新井落底标高(-95 m)进行涌水量预测,对结果进行综合分析,参考该矿周边的生产情况,推荐矿设计新井落底水平(-95 m)矿井正常涌水量为60.22 m3/h,最大矿井涌水量为84.31 m3/h,并提出了建议.     

PLANT ADAPTATION,FIRM ENVIRONMENTS AND LOCATION ANALYSIS

Principal components analysis of fracture trace and sinkhole characteristics near 33 wells drawing water from the Ocala aquifer identified three hydrogeologically significant components. Multiple regression analysis using these components as independent variables showed that the flow of water to a well bore is influenced in order of importance by (1) proximity to a zone of high secondary permeability; (2) average aquifer transmissivity near the well; and (3) degree of cavity development in the closest zone of high secondary permeability.     

A review on statistical models for identifying climate contributions to crop yields

Statistical models using historical data on crop yields and weather to calibrate relatively simple regression equations have been widely and extensively applied in previous studies, and have provided a common alternative to process-based models, which require extensive input data on cultivar, management, and soil conditions. However, very few studies had been conducted to review systematically the previous statistical models for indentifying climate contributions to crop yields. This paper introduces three main statistical methods, i.e., time-series model, cross-section model and panel model, which have been used to identify such issues in the field of agrometeorology. Generally, research spatial scale could be categorized into two types using statistical models, including site scale and regional scale (e.g. global scale, national scale, provincial scale and county scale). Four issues exist in identifying response sensitivity of crop yields to climate change by statistical models. The issues include the extent of spatial and temporal scale, non-climatic trend removal, colinearity existing in climate variables and non-consideration of adaptations. Respective resolutions for the above four issues have been put forward in the section of perspective on the future of statistical models finally.     

Erosion modelling for land management in the Tahoe basin,USA: scaling from plots to forest catchments

Abstract

Recent developments in hydrological modelling of river basins are focused on prediction in ungauged basins, which implies the need to improve relationships between model parameters and easily-obtainable information, such as satellite images, and to test the transferability of model parameters. A large-scale distributed hydrological model is described, which has been used in several large river basins in Brazil. The model parameters are related to classes of physical characteristics, such as soil type, land use, geology and vegetation. The model uses two basin space units: square grids for flow direction along the basin and GRU—group response units—which are hydrological classes of the basin physical characteristics for water balance. Expected ranges of parameter values are associated with each of these classes during the model calibration. Results are presented of the model fitting in the Taquari-Antas River basin in Brazil (26 000 km² and 11 flow gauges). Based on this fitting, the model was then applied to the Upper Uruguay River basin (52 000 km²), having similar physical conditions, without any further calibration, in order to test the transferability of the model. The results in the Uruguay basin were compared with recorded flow data and showed relatively small errors, although a tendency to underestimate mean flows was found.     

THE INFLUENCE OF SLOPE AND RAIN INTENSITY ON RUNOFF AND INFILTRATION / L'influence de l'inclinaison de terrain et de l'intensité de pluie sur l'écoulement et l'infiltration

Abstract

The design and construction of a special-purpose laboratory catchment and rainfall simulator is described. The equipment consists of a soil catchment area that can be inclined at various angles. Additional instrumentation then measures the flow of water across the surface of, and through, the soil bed. Precipitation is provided by a unit that simulates rainfall at particular rates with uniform distribution.

The equipment was used to examine infiltration, runoff and other hydrological properties of a number of soils under different rainfall intensities and with different catchment slopes. Correlations were obtained for these variables.     

Yield–reliability analysis for rural domestic water supply from combined rainwater harvesting and run-of-river abstraction

Abstract

In many rural areas, reticulated water supply from large water resources schemes does not exist and many households obtain water from groundwater (GW), rainwater harvesting (RWH), run-of-river (ROR) flow, or combinations of these. While comprehensive yield–reliability analysis for large water resource systems is the norm, typical rural water supply analysis unrealistically aggregates data into monthly or annual time steps and does not incorporate reliability. A daily time-step simulation of household supply and frequency analysis of the number of days supplied in each year is used herein to: (a) demonstrate a realistic approach of yield–reliability analysis for RWH, ROR and combined RWH and ROR supply; and (b) show how combined utilization of the two can lead to improved supply. Integration of RWH and ROR supply has been found to improve yield and reliability substantially. The limitations of using the simpler mass curve analysis and the effect of applying a monthly time step are demonstrated.

Citation Ndiritu, J., Odiyo, J. O., Makungo, R., Ntuli, C. & Mwaka, B. (2011) Yield–reliability analysis for rural domestic water supply from combined rainwater harvesting and run-of-river abstraction. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(2), 238–248.