干旱山地生态系统植物群落不同尺度下物种数的变化特征

对典型干旱山地生态系统不同生境（土质山坡,石质山坡）的植物群落在不同取样几度下所测定的植物物种数的变化情况进行分析。采用了曲线拟合和分形维数相结合的分析方法进行探讨。从物种数随取样尺度的变化曲线（对数曲线）看（p〈0．01）,土质山坡植物群落（草本植物群落）曲线比较平滑,石质山坡（草本和灌丛混合群落）曲线较粗糙。两个样地植物群落物种数在不同取样尺度下变化的趋势不同。分形维数变化趋势表明,两个样地植物物种数随取样尺度（r）变化趋势的差别较大,土质山坡植物群落物种数空间变化异质性不大。可以找到合适的取样面积;石质山坡物种数变化的空间异质性大,物种分布空间格局较复杂。在整个山坡范围内没有合适的取样面积。因此,建议在干旱山地石质山坡上进行植物群落研究时采用设置典型样方方法,同时尽量增加样方数量,使取样尽量代表整个山坡植被。     

乌兰布和沙漠晚第四纪以来环境演化研究进展

乌兰布和沙漠晚第四纪以来环境演化呈现湖泊与沙漠多次反复的更替模式,湖相层与松散风成砂层迭覆出现.湖泊发育时间段为120-90 ka、60-50 ka、40-20 ka和8-5.5 ka;沙漠扩展时间段为150-130 ka、90-60 ka、50-40 ka、20-10 ka和5.5 ka--近现代时期.由于时空尺度差...     

叠前深度偏移技术在活动断层探测中的应用

通过叠前深度偏移与常规处理的方法原理对比及实例分析,说明叠前深度偏移技术利于求准速度的纵横向变化、利于提高复杂构造和小断层的成像清晰度和精度,该技术在精细速度分析、正确速度—深度模型建立和叠加方法上的优势,在浅层地震勘探中具有广泛的推广价值。文中叠前深度偏移技术在活动断层探测中的应用实例表明,叠前深度偏移剖面与常规处理剖面相比,具有如下特点：①归位准确、断点清楚;②分辨率和信噪比更高;③真实反映地下构造形态;④解决速度陷阱问题,直接、精确给出地质层位深度。     

细胞自动机用于地震偏移:数值模拟试验

利用细胞自动机模型进行了地震偏移处理的尝试．采用格子Boltzmann模型和三角形网格,以向下两个方向的粒子代表下行波,根据归一化的地震记录计算粒子数密度,在相应的时刻在代表地表的网格点上设定粒子数密度,以下行粒子在网格中的演化模拟波场延拓过程．粒子系统演化结束时即得到偏移后的波场图象．本文对一个常速介质理论模型进行了偏移处理,得到了满意的结果。     

第四系重新定义的有关建议

当新生界"第三系-第四系"的划分方案被"古近系-新近系"(Gradstein等,2004)所取代后,有关第四系的定义问题在国际学术界产生很大的争议.本文汇集部分国际组织和个人对第四系重新定义的有关建议,以期引起我国地层工作者和第四纪学者对此关注.     

Juvenile slender tuna from New Zealand (note)

Two juvenile slender tuna Allothunnus fallai Serventy, 278 mm and 282 mm fork length, were identified from a catch by a purse seiner 23 km off the Moko Hinau Islands, New Zealand, on 23 January 1974. As the slender tuna were observed to school in association with skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis L., it is probable that adults also school, and could be available as a yet unexploited resource to New Zealand fishermen, especially to the south‐east of New Zealand.     

实验水槽常规流速模拟的缩尺方法

提出了一种实验室水槽中流速模拟的方法,该方法可根据需要提供合适的模型缩尺比,用来完成相关海洋工程的模型水动力性能实验,可以近似地模拟出实际设备在水中的工作状态,为在实验水槽中模拟水流动力参数提供有效的参考,方便水槽中的科学实验的开展。     

First documented southern transatlantic migration of a blue shark Prionace glauca tagged off South Africa

The first documented recapture of a South African-tagged juvenile blue shark Prionace glauca off Uruguay lends weight to the hypothesis of a single blue shark population in the South Atlantic. The presence of neonate blue sharks with umbilical scars and females with post-parturition scars, as well as the high frequency of small juveniles in research longline catches, confirm the existence of a parturition and nursery area off South Africa. The final positions of three tagged sharks suggest that large-scale movement patterns in the South Atlantic are a mirror image of movements in the North Atlantic, with sharks using the north-westerly Benguela Drift to migrate into the tropics and ultimately across into South American waters. The confirmed existence of a parturition and nursery area off the south coast of South Africa and the movement of sharks into both adjacent ocean basins suggest that the southern African blue sharks are part of a single stock that straddles the South Atlantic and Indian oceans, and possibly the entire Southern Hemisphere.     

Migrations of humpback whales past Cape Vidal,South Africa,and an estimate of the population increase rate (1988–2002)

Shore-based surveys of migrating humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae were undertaken from Cape Vidal, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, each year between 1988 and 1991, and in 2002. Daily observations of migrating whale groups were carried out from an approx. 60 m-high platform during all surveys. Whale groups were tracked by position-fixing on surfacing bouts using survey theodolites, to determine swimming speeds and headings and distance offshore, while group size estimation was carried out at each theodolite measurement. Numbers of whales observed or projected (at tracked speeds) to cross the midline of the survey area within the observation period each day were tallied in each of three distance bins. These counts were adjusted to account for daily sighting effort and for proportions that were likely to have been missed on account of their distance offshore or poor sighting conditions to produce daily sighting rates. Such daily tallies were summed over the survey period to estimate the number of whales passing Cape Vidal each year, with counts from days of <2.5 h of observation effort (due to weather or sighting condition restraints) replaced by the mean of the previous and following days. The numbers passing to the north of Cape Vidal during coincident periods of 17 days over the 1988–2002 surveys (6–22 July) and 25 days over the 1990, 1991 and 2002 surveys (6–30 July) provide statistically significant increase rates of 11.5% (SE 2.8) and 9.0% (SE 2.7) per annum respectively.     

A multi‐stock,length‐based assessment model for New Zealand rock lobster (Jasus Edwardsii)

We describe a multi‐stock, length‐based Bayesian assessment model for New Zealand spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fisheries. This model allows simultaneous modelling of two or more stocks with a mixture of common and stock‐specific parameters: recruitment is always stock‐specific, but any other parameter can be specified as either common or stock‐specific. Common parameters are estimated from a wider base than they would be in a single‐stock model. The model's time step is flexible and can be changed during the period being modelled to accommodate better data quality in recent data. Other options include the capacity to estimate movements among stocks, allow density‐dependent growth, and choose among likelihood functions for the various data sets, between finite and instantaneous fishing dynamics and between two forms of selectivity curve.