地电化学在隐伏铜镍矿勘查中的应用及异常形成机理探讨

本文从元素迁移角度探讨地电化学异常形成机理。在野外工作的基础上,结合前人成果,通过在金川二矿区采集的地电化学数据结果,以及该地区的相关资料进行综合研究分析,有如下推测:(1)该类地区地电采集的成矿元素的迁移受多个营力多阶段作用,主要由电化学迁移、地气迁移与水动力迁移所主导;(2)电化学迁移的模式会对最终地电数据曲线的形态有所影响,影响的根本因素主要在于矿体形成的电场回路的形态;(3)地电提取的物质是矿体析出并迁移至地表周围所赋存的元素,这些元素在地表呈活动态离子、络合物或超微细颗粒被粘土矿物所吸附。     

Effects of Deep Fluids on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins

Deep fluids in a petroliferous basin generally come from the deep crust or mantle beneath the basin basement, and they transport deep substances(gases and aqueous solutions) as well as heat to sedimentary strata through deep faults. These deep fluids not only lead to large-scale accumulations of CO_2, CH_4, H_2, He and other gases, but also significantly impact hydrocarbon generation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interactions. With the development of deep faults and magmatic-volcanic activities in different periods, most Chinese petroliferous basins have experienced strong impacts associated with deep fluid activity. In the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Northern Jiangsu, Sanshui, Yinggehai and Pearl Mouth Basins in China, a series of CO_2 reservoirs have been discovered. The CO_2 content is up to 99%, with δ~(13)C_(CO2) values ranging from-4.1‰ to-0.37‰ and ~3He/~4He ratios of up to 5.5 Ra. The abiogenic hydrocarbon gas reservoirs with commercial reserves, such as the Changde, Wanjinta, Zhaozhou, and Chaoyanggou reservoirs, are mainly distributed in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin. The δ~(13)CCH4 values of the abiogenic alkane gases are generally -30‰ and exhibit an inverse carbon isotope sequence of δ~(13)C_(CH4)δ~(13)C_(C2H6)δ~(13)C_(C3H8)δ~(13)C_(C4H10). According to laboratory experiments, introducing external H_2 can improve the rate of hydrocarbon generation by up to 147% through the kerogen hydrogenation process. During the migration from deep to shallow depth, CO_2 can significantly alter reservoir rocks. In clastic reservoirs, feldspar is easily altered by CO_2-rich fluids, leading to the formation of dawsonite, a typical mineral in high CO_2 partial pressure environments, as well as the creation of secondary porosity. In carbonate reservoirs, CO_2-rich fluids predominately cause dissolution or precipitation of carbonate minerals. The minerals, e.g., calcite and dolomite, show some typical features, such as higher homogenization temperatures than the burial temperature, relatively high concentrations of Fe and Mn, positive Eu anomalies, depletion of 18 O and enrichment of radiogenic ~(87)Sr. Due to CO_2-rich fluids, the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs is extended to deep strata. For example, the Well TS1 in the northern Tarim Basin revealed a high-quality Cambrian dolomite reservoir with a porosity of 9.1% at 8408 m, and the Well ZS1 C in the central Tarim Basin revealed a large petroleum reserve in a Cambrian dolomite reservoir at ~6900 m. During the upward migration from deep to shallow basin strata, large volumes of supercritical CO_2 may extract petroleum components from hydrocarbon source rocks or deep reservoirs and facilitate their migration to shallow reservoirs, where the petroleum accumulates with the CO_2. Many reservoirs containing both supercritical CO_2 and petroleum have been discovered in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, Northern Jiangsu, Pearl River Mouth and Yinggehai Basins. The components of the petroleum trapped with CO_2 are dominated by low molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons.     

上海市精细时空尺度人口分布估计与特征分析

城市人口实时分布与动态变化特征是城市规划与综合治理的重要依据。受数据获取手段的局限性,准确地获取城市人口的实时分布状况一直是技术瓶颈,而移动通讯技术的迅速普及为这一问题的解决提供了技术途径。本文基于移动通讯信令的连续轨迹数据,实现了城市精细尺度人口分布时空估算的方法流程,并以上海市为研究区,对城市人口分布特征及时空移动过程进行了量化分析。研究表明：① 在数据方面,基于移动通讯信令数据估算城市人口分布的方式样本覆盖广、时空精度高、时效性较强且支持时空尺度灵活多变的应用研究需求,能够定量地描述城市人口分布时空动态特征且能推算城市真实人口规模;② 在人口分布时空特征方面,上海市在全市尺度上,各时段人口空间分布较为稳定且差异较小,而在中心城区日间人口较夜间人口呈现更为显著的空间集聚特征;③ 在人口移动时空特征方面,城市功能承载区与其它区域之间人口移动很少,早晚高峰期各城市功能承载区之间人口移动均体现为中心城区与其它新城之间的移动,且2个方向移动人数较为平衡;各城市功能承载区内均有超过半数的人口全天仅在其所在城区内部活动。本文的研究成果可为上海城市规划、应急管理、交通出行等提供更精准的科学依据。     

水准测量中尺度比参数的附加系统参数的Partial EIV模型解法

针对目前水准测量中尺度比参数的附加系统参数的平差模型,本文对模型进行重构,提出尺度比参数的附加系统参数的partial errors-in-variables（Partial EIV）模型,给出总体最小二乘准则下的解算公式及迭代算法。实际算例和模拟数据结果表明,本文方法与传统方法在处理尺度比参数为附加系统参数时的效果基本一致,并给出相关的理论依据。     

Distance,time and scale in soil erosion processes

This commentary brings together, as a virtual Special Issue, a number of recent papers in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms that are all related to issues of scale in soil erosion. Empirical concepts that were developed in the 1940s are now in need of re‐thinking, and papers are increasingly exploring, through modelling and measurement, appropriate ways to recognize the mechanisms that connect processes across time and space scales. Issues include a more nuanced approach to selective transportation, responses to variability in surface and sub‐surface conditions and the need to analyse measurements in ways that can be transferred between sites and storms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤田三维地震叠前深度偏移技术及其应用

三维地震叠前深度偏移可实现反射点的正确空间归位和真正的共反射点叠加,减小菲涅尔带的影响范围,大大提高地震资料的分辨率。论述了三维地震叠前深度偏移的成像原理和关键技术,并应用于实际地震资料的处理中。结果显示,小断点显示较叠前时间偏移剖面更为清晰,提高了煤田三维地震探测细微构造的能力,取得了较好的地质效果。      

栅格化属性精度损失的评估方法及其尺度效应分析——以四川省1:25 万土地覆被数据为例

选择在600 m~30 km 16 个尺度上,在ArcGIS 中利用常用的面积最大值法(Rule ofMaximum Area,RMA) 对2005 年四川省1:25 万土地覆被矢量数据进行栅格化,并采用两种属性精度损失评估方法：传统的常规分析方法和一种新的基于栅格单元分析方法,来对比分析在这两种评估方法下RMA栅格化的属性(这里是指面积) 精度损失随尺度的变化特征。结果表明：(1) 在同一尺度下采用基于栅格单元方法分析所得的研究区平均属性精度损失大于常规分析方法分析得到的平均属性精度损失,且二者之间的差异在1~10 km内很明显,当栅格单元大于10km时,两种方法得到的平均属性精度损失的差值稳定,且其随尺度的变化曲线趋于平行;(2) 基于栅格单元分析方法不仅能够准确地定量估计RMA栅格化的属性精度损失,而且能客观地反映属性精度损失的空间分布规律;(3) 对四川省1:25 万土地覆被数据进行面积最大值法(RMA)栅格化的适宜尺度域最好不要超过800 m,在该尺度域内数据工作量适宜,且RMA栅格化属性精度损失小于2.5%。     

过去千年气候变化重建研究新进展

20世纪气候变暖的归因是当前全球共同关注的焦点之一,而解决这一问题的途径之一是对过去千年的气候变化历史进行精确重建。简要回顾过去千年气候重建的研究进展,重点关注古气候空间重建方法方面的最新进展,并将目前古气候空间重建方法划分为3类,即综合-比例法（Composite Plus Scale, CPS）、气候场重建法（Climate Field Reconstruction, CFR）以及状态空间模型（State-space Model）法,同时指出了这些方法的优缺点以及可能的解决途径。     

中国城镇化地区贡献的内陆化演变与解释——基于1982-2008年省区数据的分析

改革开放30 年来,中国持续快速的经济发展和城镇化受到了世界关注.由于政策环境和地理基础的差异性,地带间差异成为中国城镇化空间差异的主要特征:在多元动力的共同推动下,东部十省的快速城镇化为全国的城镇化进程贡献了49%.新世纪以来,随着西部大开发、东北老工业基地振兴和中部崛起三大区域发展战略的相继提出,政策和地理基础的地带间差异逐步缩小,国内外投资重点向内陆转移,外出务工人员的回流与创业成为人口流动的新特征,带动中西部地区对全国城镇化的贡献迅速提升,中国城镇化的重心向内陆转移,省区城镇化趋同现象比较明显.这些新现象在2005 年以来更加强化.实证结果表明,区域发展战略的提出促进内陆省份对全国城镇化的贡献率提高了8.7%,但并没有对中国省区城镇化的动力机制产生影响;沿海地区产业转移和国际市场的开拓将成为内陆地区城镇化的重要依托.     

沂水县杏山官庄铁矿地质特征

在汞丹山凸起中分布的基性—超基性岩体,其磁铁矿含量高者可构成矿体。利用高精度磁测、钻探等方法开展了沂水县杏山官庄铁矿的普查工作,大致查明了该矿体的规模、形态和产状,认为该矿床具有低品位、工程地质条件简单的特点,综合分析矿床成因属岩浆分异型磁铁矿矿床。