新疆库车盆地钾盐科探1井含盐系地球化学特征及找钾指示

在盐湖沉积演化过程中,钾盐矿物在盐类沉积的中晚期阶段才开始析出。因此,研究含盐系盐类的沉积地球化学特征,不仅可以从侧面获取岩盐的沉积物源和成盐古卤水蒸发浓缩程度等地球化学信息,而且更能揭示古盐湖钾盐富集趋势。文章通过对库车盆地钾盐科探1井钻取的岩芯样品进行高精度采样测试,得出岩盐中Mg×103/Cl、K×103/Cl、Li×103/Cl与K+、Mg2+、Li+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的垂向变化规律。并与库车盆地其他钻孔中的岩盐含钾性进行对比,同时,依据钻井剖面岩性特征,与潜江凹陷和大汶口凹陷含盐系剖面进行对比,论述研究区成盐的地球化学特征,对其钾盐成矿前景进行分析和评价。     

Study on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin

Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use--forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that （1） within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; （2） soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2-4 times after the coverage is removed; （3） the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; （4） the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; （5） three empirical infiltration models, including Horton＇ model, Kostiakov＇ model, and modified Kostiakov＇ model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov＇ model performed better than both the Horton＇ model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov＇s model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin.     

唐古拉山地区三叠纪层序地层分析及构造演化

三叠纪充填的一套碳酸盐岩—碎屑岩地层,被划分为两个超层序和5个层序单元。超层序Ⅰ以复理石建造为特征,是金沙江缝合带初始碰撞作用的产物,是唐古拉山地区三叠纪前陆盆地早期挠曲沉降构造活动的沉积响应,标志着晚三叠世诺利期前陆盆地业已形成;超层序Ⅱ以磨拉石与酸性火山岩建造为特征,是前陆盆地晚期冲断抬升构造演化的沉积响应,表明晚三叠世瑞替期来自造山带的沉积物开始越过前陆隆起向隆后盆地迁移。     

基于锚系观测的北冰洋加拿大海盆中层水变化研究

20世纪90年代以来,北极进入了以海冰快速减少为显著特征的快速变化时期。通过分析“波弗特流涡观测计划”在北冰洋加拿大海盆的4个站点上布放剖面观测系统所获得的2003—2011年的温度、盐度剖面观测数据,研究了加拿大海盆北极中层水的变化特征。在观测期间,加拿大海盆中央区中层水核心温度变化较小,楚科奇海台地区有明显下降特征,海盆中央区以北以及加拿大群岛陆坡边缘区核心温度呈持续升高趋势。北极中层水核心深度在4个站点都有不同程度的加深趋势,加深的程度和参与分析的表层淡水含量以及因海冰消失导致的风应力变化有一定的对应特征。4个站点表层(75—200 m)的热含量在无冰海域有明显的增长,在有冰海域热含量较稳定;加拿大海盆200—400 m和400—800 m深度范围内的热含量变化情况与中层水核心深度的变化情况一致,伴随着中层水核心深度加深至400 m乃至更深处,中层水的能量也逐渐下移,造成200—400 m水层能量普遍降低而400—800 m水层能量普遍增加。加拿大海盆4个观测站点因背景环境条件和所受影响的不同,造成了中层水的变化和响应趋势的差异。     

胶南地区的伸展作用——以胶南—诸城一带为例

胶南地区的胶南—诸城一带存在两期不同方向的伸展构造。早期以形成近ＥＮ向的拉伸线理为特征，并在不同构造层次上显示出不同的变形。出露于研究区中部桃林尚庄隆起的含榴辉岩片麻岩中，主要以ＬＳ的组构为特征，显示出早期伸展作用下地壳岩石的垂直轴缩短、ＥＷ向拉伸的共轴应变；而在把下地壳含榴辉岩片麻岩与以变沉积岩为主的中上地壳岩石分开的韧性滑脱带上，此期伸展作用则表现为从东向西剪切的非共轴简单剪切变形，具有近水平的拉伸线理及近水平的ＥＷ向剪切褶皱和鞘褶皱枢纽。晚期伸展作用表现为近ＳＮ的伸展垮塌作用，形成向北和向南倾斜的两条韧性正剪切带，且遭受低角闪岩高绿片岩相条件下的透入性均匀简单剪切变形，剪切方向分别向北和向南。     

柴达木盆地北缘都兰地区榴辉岩中透长石＋石英包裹体：超高压变质作用的证据

近年来在祁连地体与紫达木地块之间大柴旦－－都兰北一线确定出一条榴辉岩带。在此带东端北部地区野马滩一带榴辉岩中，我们发现产在石榴子石内部由透长石和多晶石英（柯石英假像）构成的包裹体。包裹体在内部结构特征及周围的状裂纹反映早期超高压变质相特征，据此，推测柴达木盆地北缘榴辉岩带可能是一形成深度超过80km的超高压变质带。     

Plio-Pleistocene sedimentation in coastal grabens,north-east Rhodes,Greece

The stratigraphy of marine Plio-Pleistocene sediments from northeast Rhodes (Dodecanese islands, Greece) is revised in the light of facies mapping and the recognition of three major transgression–regression cycles. Before late Pliocene submergence, metamorphosed Mesozoic limestones formed a high-relief karstic landscape. During subsequent transgressions, subsiding basins with spectacular cliffed and bioeroded margins were infilled by a mosaic of carbonate-dominated sediments, sourced by high rates of carbonate productivity on narrow shelves rimming the basins and their drowning islands. Periods of relative sea-level fall superimposed a complex series of ‘fossil’ coastal geomorphological features such as cliffs, abrasion platforms, surf caves, notches, boulder beaches and palaeokarsts. These created the rugged present day topography of the island's northeast coast. Three main lithostratigraphic units, the Kritika, Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations, are defined. The Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations are subdivided into mappable facies groups rather than members, as the lithofacies are strongly diachronous. The Kritika and Rhodes Formations were each subaerially exposed and partly eroded before re-transgression. Although there is a general pattern of lithological succession, details vary across the study area and some facies groups are restricted in development, indicating differences in tectonic behaviour and palaeo-geomorphology between neighbouring basins. A preliminary process-response model is presented for the sedimentation history of the Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations, using sedimentological, palaeontological, palaeoecological and ichnological data.     

Hydrological system analysis and modelling of the Kara River basin (West Africa) using a lumped metric conceptual model

This paper discusses the analysis and modelling of the hydrological system of the basin of the Kara River, a transboundary river in Togo and Benin, as a necessary step towards sustainable water resources management. The methodological approach integrates the use of discharge parameters, flow duration curves and the lumped conceptual model IHACRES. A Sobol sensitivity analysis is performed and the model is calibrated by applying the shuffled complex evolution algorithm. Results show that discharge generation in three nested catchments of the basin is affected by landscape physical characteristics. The IHACRES model adequately simulates the rainfall–runoff dynamics in the basin with a mean modified Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency measure of 0.6. Modelling results indicate that parameters controlling rainfall transformation to effective rainfall are more sensitive than those routing the streamflow. This study provides insights into understanding the catchment’s hydrological system. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to better understand detailed runoff generation processes.

EDITOR M.C. Acreman; ASSOCIATE EDITOR N Verhoest     

柴达木盆地水资源开发与生态环境保护浅析

根据柴达木盆地水资源的形成与分布,结合盆地水资源时空分布不均匀性,分析了盆地水资源开发利用现状,探讨了地表水、地下水开发利用模式,对盆地的生态环境现状和人类对水资源的开发利用不当而引起的一系列环境问题,提出了进一步加强对水资源的保护,调整农业种植结构,提高人们节约用水意识,加强对现有荒漠沙生植被的保护,科学合理利用有限的水资源,使人与自然和谐发展,促进盆地经济建设和生态环境可持续发展。     

Responses to climate warming of hydrological processes in the upper Kelan River in the Altay Mountains, Xinjiang, China

Kelan River is a branch of the Ertix River, originating in the Altay Mountains in Xinjiang, northwestern China. The upper streams of the Kelan River are located on the southern slope of the Altay Mountains; they arise from small glacial lakes at an elevation of more than 2,500 m. The total water-collection area of the studied basin, from 988 to 3,480 m, is about 1,655 km2. Almost 95 percent of the basin area is covered with snow in winter. The westerly air masses deplete nearly all the moisture that comes in the form of snow during the winter months in the upper and middle reaches of the basin. That annual flow from the basin is about 382 mm, about 45 percent of which is contributed by snowmelt. The mean annual precipitation in the basin is about 620 mm, which is primarily concentrated in the upper and middle basin. The Kelan River system could be vulnerable to climate change because of substantial contribution from snowmelt runoff. The hydrological system could be altered significantly because of a warming of the climate. The impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle and events would pose an additional threat to the Altay region. The Kelan River, a typical snow-dominated watershed, has more area at higher elevations and accumulates snow during the winter. The peak flow occurs as a result of snow-melting during the late spring or early summer. Stream flow varies strongly throughout the year because of seasonal cycles of precipitation, snowpack, temperature, and groundwater. Changes in the temperature and precipitation affect the timing and volume of stream-flow. The stream-flow consists of contributions from meltwater of snow and ice and from runoff of rainfall. Therefore, it has low flow in winter, high flow during the spring and early summer as the snowpack melts, and less flows during the late summer. Because of the warming of the current climate change, hydrology processes of the Kelan River have undergone marked changes, as evidenced by the shift of the maximum flood peak discharge from May to June