金在洋脊超镁铁质与镁铁质热液系统中的差异性聚集

洋脊是地球上规模最大的山脉体系,主要由超镁铁质和镁铁质岩所组成,因构造和岩浆作用,这两类岩层分别孕育了超镁铁质和镁铁质含金热液系统。金首先通过水岩反应从洋脊源区岩层内迁移出来,再经历运移堆积作用汇聚到硫化物堆积体内,最后遭受后期蚀变活化迁移改造。以上过程构成了金在这两类热液系统中的完整演化历程。超镁铁质热液系统内的金在汇源端员间的比值远高于镁铁质热液系统。这种差异性聚集暗示了这两类热液系统分别演化出了独具特色的载金属性特征及富集迁移机制。相比于镁铁质热液系统,超镁铁质热液系统内围岩普遍具有的高金含量和高孔高渗特征、热液流体中溶解态非生物有机质和气态物质含量高、硫化物堆积体所处区域裂隙发育及构造稳定等因素,都是造成两者之间存在显著差异性聚集过程的主要原因。持续性地对洋脊热液系统各深部结构体进行更多更精细有关金的丰度、赋存状态及演化变迁的测试分析及模拟研究工作,是未来量化揭示金在不同类型热液系统内的物源贡献及各演化阶段中富集亏损的关键,也将为未来人工海底干预富集成矿工程累积信息。     

Modelling eruption cycles and decay of mud volcanoes

Recent debates about the eruptive behavior of mud volcanoes and their activation mechanisms have been driven particularly by the LUSI eruption in Indonesia that resulted in huge commercial and cultural damages. Numerical modeling of mud volcanoes, of which few exist, can provide insight into eruptive behavior and contribute to hazard evaluation. In this paper, we present a simple model to describe fluid escape from an underground reservoir through a conduit, extruded as a mud volcano at the surface. The governing equations result in oscillatory behavior, and we study the influence of changes in rheological properties of surrounding rock and fluid characteristics of the mud on extrusion dynamics. We focus on understanding long-term eruption behavior, flow cycles, and decay factors. Model results can be used to estimate the discharge rates and extruded volume from assumptions on the mud reservoir and conduit, or conversely, the reservoir or conduit properties from discharge rates.     

Surface current patterns in front of the Venice Lagoon

Surface patterns of the low-frequency current in a 20 × 30 km region in front of the Venice Lagoon were analysed from a 13-month-long HF radar data set. Surface circulation was related to prevalent wind regimes in the area and to the tidal flow through the lagoon inlet. Three different categories of wind-forcing were defined: bora (NE wind), sirocco (SE wind), and finally the category containing all other wind directions and calms (winds lower than 3 m/sec). Mean flow and vorticity spatial distributions were discussed for different wind conditions. The coastal area about 5 km wide is characterized by a flow field with maximum vorticity. Outside the coastal boundary layer the interior flow is part of the Adriatic basin-wide cyclonic circulation. Two counter-rotating vortices of the dimension of about 4–5 km were evidenced in the average flow field in front of the lagoon inlet (Malamocco inlet) in all situations except for the bora. The vortex-pair is probably associated with the tidal flow through the inlet. The bora wind induces a strong southward coastal jet detached from the coast by about 5 km homogenizing the flow and eliminating the dipole. The average coastal flow pattern in calm wind conditions was also analysed as a function of the strong inflow/outflow (currents in the inlet > 0.7 m s⁻¹) from the lagoon inlet. In both cases the vorticity pattern is similar, with the negative vorticity to the left of the inlet and positive to the right looking seaward.     

广义岭估计的谱分解式和Liu型广义岭估计

首先从多参数岭估计,即广义岭参数人手,给出其谱分解形式。然后就岭估计会使估值偏差增大的问题,在Liu估计的基础上,推导出一种新的有偏估计方法——Liu型广义岭估计,并给出该方法的模型、解式。Liu型广义岭估计可以在尽量不增大偏差的同时改进病态性,获得更好的估值。最后通过算例进行了比较分析。     

一种确定岭估计参数的方法

岭估计是从减小均方误差的角度出发而提出的一种有偏估计方法,但是如何确定岭参数目前没有一个公认的良好方法。提出了一种如何确定岭参数的方法,并用算例验证这种方法的可行性。     

面向多对象的耕地田坎系数测算方法探讨

耕地田坎系数测算结果直接影响粮食产量统计的准确性。大量观测数据表明,山区与丘陵区耕地田坎系数基本一致,满足规程要求的耕地田坎系数有效样方明显偏少,各组样方的耕地田坎系数的集中度明显偏低。实际表明,分区测算耕地田坎系数没有意义,测算耕地田坎系数的耕地坡度级范围不能划分过大,耕地样方应随机抽取,耕地田坎系数应用仪器实地测量,参与耕地田坎系数计算的应是剔除个别异常值后的大多数样方,全国土地调查技术规程应修改完善。     

钱塘江河势变迁与径潮流相互作用研究

基于平面二维水沙床耦合地貌模型,反演了1958年1月至1964年12月连续枯水年期间钱塘江尖山河段的主槽摆动过程,揭示了河势由顺直到弯曲的主要演变规律和内在机制.结果表明,在低径流和强潮流作用下,丰水年形成的北部落潮槽逐渐淤积形成浅滩,南部涨潮槽冲刷发展形成南、北两支,两槽间江心滩发育壮大,形成弯曲河势.河床冲淤主要集中在前两年内,潮汐周期内涨潮初期冲刷、涨憩和落潮初期淤积,区域淤积泥沙主要来源于下游杭州湾,北槽前期淤积为落潮型淤积,后期为涨潮型淤积.河势变化使得区域潮差增大潮动力增强,南槽涨落潮流速显著增大.顺直河势下,江心滩南北两侧分流比差异不大,涨潮期间南侧略高、落潮期间北槽略高.弯曲河势下,南槽水深和纳潮量增加,涨、落潮分流比均显著增大至75％以上.     

海南岛鹿回头水尾岭海滩岩中的微生物岩

在海南岛的海滩岩中首次发现了微生物岩,这是一种发育在珊瑚(碎屑和砾块)骨骼孔穴中,少量在珊瑚碎块表面的微生物碳酸盐沉积,这些微生物碳酸盐沉积呈叠层或包壳状生长,可黏结细小的生物碎屑,具有独特的发育模式。微生物碳酸盐沉积在南海的发现支持海滩岩的胶结物部分是源于微生物成因的假设,进而肯定了微生物在碳酸盐沉积中所起的重要作用。结合海滩岩组分中微钻孔的发育特征和微生物岩发育模式的描述,在一定程度上填补了我国南方海滩岩中发育微生物碳酸盐沉积物的研究空白。     

Mass-transport deposits on the Rosetta province (NW Nile deep-sea turbidite system, Egyptian margin): Characteristics, distribution, and potential causal processes

In the Nile deep-sea turbidite system (NDSTS), the province fed by the Rosetta branch of the Nile delta is characterised by the recurrent activity of gravity processes. Seven mass-transport deposits (MTDs) were recognised from the upper to the mid slope, downstream from imbricated scars (~ 30 km-long, ~ 200 m high) running along the shelf edge nearby the Rosetta canyon. Extending on surfaces between 200 and 5000 km², with estimated volumes from 3 to 500 km³, these MTDs represent about 40% (up to 90% locally) of the total Pleistocene–Holocene sedimentary thickness. Three types of MTDs can be distinguished on the basis of their scale. Each has also a distinctive internal configuration and distribution within the Rosetta depositional setting. Age estimates of two MTDs point towards relationships between climate and submarine mass failures through sea-level changes, sediment supply, or a combination of both. Additionally, the presence of gas in the sediment and earthquake shaking may have concurred to trigger large-scale failures on the low slope angles (1°–2°) of the Rosetta area.