2019年韶关“5·18”局地特大暴雨极端性成因分析

2019年5月18日,广东省韶关市出现了局地特大暴雨,刷新了韶关有气象记录以来的雨量记录。利用常规观测资料、区域气象自动站观测资料、韶关双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料,以及NCEP 1 °×1 °再分析资料对本次过程进行详细分析,探讨本次过程发生的极端性成因。(1) 本次过程是粤北历史罕见的局地暖区突发性特大暴雨过程,天气尺度的背景场较弱,极端性条件不显著,但能从中尺度分析场分析出暴雨潜势。(2) 暴雨发生之前,韶关一直处于偏南暖湿气流控制的区域,并且随着对流抑制减小为0,对流有效位能增强,自由对流高度下降至近地面,使得气块更容易被强迫抬升。(3) 多个单体持续发展与合并,出现“列车效应”,近地面冷池维持向南楔入,低层西南风加强叠加于冷池上导致强风速辐合辐散区和中气旋的出现,是维持强回波持续发展的重要原因;回波呈暖区降水的垂直结构特性,也呈现出近地面层冷池对暖湿气流强迫抬升的结构特征,侧面说明了强降水触发机制。(4) 地形对对流触发和暴雨的增幅有重要影响,峡谷和喇叭口地形加强了偏南气流的汇入及辐合作用,山前迎风坡除了地形抬升作用外,位于山前的地面辐合线对于对流既有触发又有加强与维持的作用。(5) 山前强水平温度梯度为对流发生提供了有利的环境条件,当初生对流出现降雨之后,水平温度梯度进一步加强,形成了温度梯度与对流强度之间的正反馈过程,因而对流持续发展与维持。(6) 对于此类突发的短历时强降水造成的暖区暴雨,监测和短临预警仍然是主要手段。      

Automatic identification of mesocyclones and significant wind structures in Doppler radar images

The main objective of this work is to present the first version of the automatic mesocyclone detection algorithm for the Spanish weather Doppler radar, which has been developed during the last year at the Spanish Meteorological Service (INM). Taking into account that mesocyclones and other significant wind structures can be readily detected by single Doppler radar, the algorithm is based on the NSSL-MDA (The National Severe Storms Laboratory Mesoscale Detection Algorithm) approximation. It is specifically designed to automatically detect and identify radial velocity patterns associated with small-scale vortices and others wind structures. The different steps in the algorithm will be discussed and the application to a real situation will be presented. During 2004, the algorithm has been tested in an experimental phase, trying to adjust the needed parameters and thresholds. The plan for the future is to implement it within the operational procedure to automatically identify, analyse, diagnose, track and extrapolate convective structures and cells in radar data, improving the ability of the forecasters to provide timely warning of hazardous convective events.     

2019年4月13日广东徐闻强龙卷天气分析

利用常规高空地面观测、广东省区域加密自动站、湛江多普勒雷达以及FY-4A高分辨可见光云图等资料对2019年4月13日广东省湛江市徐闻县EF3级强龙卷过程进行分析.结果表明:强龙卷发生在低纬地区海岸带附近,路径长约16 km,历经"三次陆上、两次海上"的复杂过程,持续约36 min.产生龙卷超级单体的中尺度对流系统出现在...     

单多普勒天气雷达反演中尺度气旋环流场的方法

给出具有Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ模式中尺度气旋的模拟的多普勒径向速度图,利用中尺度气旋近似轴对称性及径向速度几何关系和付氏转换,建立ＧＢＶＴＤ方法,定量分析模拟的中尺度气旋内部流场结构,并利用郑州７１４ＣＤ多普勒天气雷达资料进行验证。     

2013年3月20日湖南和广东雷暴大风过程的特征分析

利用常规探空资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和风廓线雷达资料对2013年3月19日夜里到20日凌晨发生在湖南中南部和广东北部的一次区域性雷暴大风天气进行了分析,发现本次强对流天气过程的天气尺度背景是北支高压脊的崩溃和南支槽的建立,槽前出现较强的低空急流和切变线并在湖南中南部和广东北部形成了上干冷下暖湿的温湿配置结构下发生并强烈发展的;地面自动站观测显示北风侵入到前期露点温度较高的贵州黄平地区并形成风向辐合触发了对流,之后对流单体东移进入前期地面辐合线和露点锋相配合,同时500 hPa极为干冷的湖南中部偏南地区不断发展加强成对流带;雷达观测显示19日夜里在湖南西部不断出现对流单体并在其东移南下过程中最终形成飑线结构,该飑线中存在多个超级单体;通过多普勒天气雷达的中气旋产品与雷暴大风出现时间对应比较发现：大多数由中气旋引发的雷暴大风,在雷暴大风出现前2~3个体扫,其中气旋底高不断下降至2 km左右或以下,且在雷暴大风出现前1~2个体扫,中气旋的最强切变高度显著下降至中气旋底高位置附近;通过风廓线雷达数据与雷暴大风出现时间对应比较发现：底层大气折射率结构常数(C2n)大幅度的跃升通常在雷暴大风出现前10~15 min左右出现,其对雷暴大风的出现可能具有一定的指示意义。     

Single-Doppler Radar Observations of a High Precipitation Supercell Accompanying the 12 April 2003 Severe Squall Line in Fujian Province

In this study, single Doppler radar data were used to examine the structure and evolution of a high precipitation (HP) supercell embedded in a cold front ne㎡ar Jianyang, Fujian Province on 12 April 2003. The synoptic environment was characterized by high humidity at low levels, moderate CAPE (convective available potential energy; 1601 J kg?1), moderate wind shear (22 m s?1 in 0-5 km), and veering of the horizontal winds with height, similar to those HP supercells previously observed in midlatitudes. In addition, the calculated bulk Richardson number was only 16, suggesting favorable environmental conditions for supercell development. The documented storm was located at the leading edge of a squall line. It was initiated from a single cell at 0732 UTC. It evolved into a bow shape gradually, and then split into two separate storms along the storm motion direction through the apex of the bow echo. The left-moving storm dissipated rapidly,but the right-moving storm strengthened and evolved into an HP supercell, lasting for more than 1 h. The radar reflectivity of the HP supercell during its mature stage showed a typical low-level hook echo at the front flank of the storm with its maximum reflectivity beyond 70 dBZ. Above the hook echo, an elevated maximum reflectivity core accompanied by a bounded weak-echo region (BWER) and a down-shear echo overhanging aloft were clearly identified. The elevated BWER, marked by 40-50-dBZ reflectivity values, was surrounded by values of 60-70 dBZ. A well-defined mesocyclone lasted about 1 h and was collocated with the low-level WER and middle-level BWER. The radar-estimated time-height profiles of mesocyclone rotational velocity and diameter indicated that this mesocyclone formed initially at middle level, then deepened and strengthened rapidly with the vertical depth deeper than 8 km and rotational velocity stronger than 24 m s-1 at the mature stage, and later decayed rapidly. The GBVTD (ground-based velocity track display)-derived primary circulation showed that the maximum tangential wind of the mesocyclone appeared at middle level (3-5 km) with a value of about 20 m s-1. The mean radial wind field was characterized with a low-level inflow below 4 km, and accompanied by stronger updraft near the mesocyclone center. Between 4 and 7km, the tangential wind profile resembled a Rankine combined vortex with the radius of maximum wind (RMW) at 3 km, and there was outflow/inflow inside/outside of the RMW. Correspondingly, the vertical velocity indicated a stronger updraft at the RMW and a weak downdraft inside the RMW. Above 7 km, the outflow strengthened and extended outside the RMW. In summary, the reflectivity structures of the storm and the accompanying mesocyclone were similar to those midlatitude HP supercells proposed in Miller's paper in 1994. However, the evolution of the HP supercell, including its three stages: ordinary storm, bow echo, and storm splitting, was quite different from those documented before.     

Structures of Mesocirculations Producing Tornadoes Associated with Tropical Cyclone Frances (1998)

Radar structures of one mesocyclone and one mesocirculation (the term mesocirculation refers to a class of rotating updrafts, which may or may not be as spatially and temporally large as a typical mesocyclone) that developed a total of four tornadoes in association with Tropical Cyclone (TC) Frances 1998 are presented. One tornado developed within an inner rainband near the time of landfall while three of the other tornadoes developed within an outer rainband nearly 24 hours after the landfall. Radar reflectivities of the tornadic circulations averaged upwards of 40 dBZ while Doppler radar wind components directed toward the radar averaged 11 m s−1. It is realized that although TC Frances was a minimal hurricane it spawned several tornadoes (four of which were studied) causing damage exceeding $2 million. These tornadoes were not all located close to the TC center, serving as a caution to forecasters and emergency personnel that the immediate landfalling area is not the only place to watch.While it is difficult to accurately predict the TC tornado location and time of occurrence, the degree of low-level baroclinicity seems to play an important role in tornadogenesis. Another significant finding is that the tornadoes were produced on the inward side of an inner rainband, as well as the inward side of an outer rainband. Consistent with climatology, the forward right quadrant of the TC developed the four tornadoes studied here.The lead author, Professor G. V. Rao died 31 July 2004 at the age of 70. He fell victime to the waves while swimming in Mazatlan, Mexico. This is the last paper he publilshed as lead author.     

柳州“4·09”致灾冰雹的超级单体风暴过程分析

利用柳州和桂林天气雷达(SB)资料和相关实况资料,对2016年4月9日夜间柳州一次强雹暴天气的环境条件和雷达回波结构演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)雹暴发生在低层热低压发展,中层有冷温槽发展东移,高层有急流的背景下。地面干线和中尺度辐合线触发的对流云团在不稳定层结和较强的深层垂直风切变作用下发展为超级单体。(2)超级单体的低层反射率因子呈现出明显的钩状回波或倒"V"型人流缺口。反射率因子垂直剖面呈现出典型的有界弱回波区、回波悬垂和回波墙。最大的回波强度出现在沿着回波墙的一个竖直的狭长区域,其值达到65 dBz。相应的中低层径向速度图呈现出一个强中气旋,旋转速度达到24 m·s。该中气旋的发展和维持使得超级单体风暴发展并维持。(3)得出大冰雹临近预警的雷达参数量化指标:最大反射率因子达到60 dBz,中等强度以上中气旋,VIL值和VIL密度分别达到60 kg·m~(-2)和5.0 g·m~(-3),50 dBz以上强回波区伸展到-30℃层高度以上。     

2015年5月华南一次龙卷过程观测分析

利用常规观测、珠江三角洲区域自动气象站、广州多普勒天气雷达、深圳机场风廓线雷达及NCEP/NCAR等资料对2015年5月11日下午发生在深圳宝安机场附近的一次龙卷天气过程进行分析。结果表明:这次龙卷发生在500 hPa槽前、850 hPa切变线南侧以及地面冷锋的暖区一侧,上干冷、下暖湿的结构加剧了条件不稳定,环境对流有效位能很大,风垂直切变强,水汽丰富;产生龙卷的回波快速演变为逗点回波,出现钩状回波,龙卷发生在钩状回波内侧的弱回波区附近;与之对应的中气旋旋转速度不断加大,半径减小,并向低层发展。     

梅雨期龙卷环境条件与典型龙卷对流风暴结构特征分析

利用逐日4次1°×1°FNL/NCEP分析资料及多普勒天气雷达、地面自动气象站等观测资料,在对近十年江苏梅雨期龙卷天气的环境特征进行合成分析并提炼对流参数特征值后,着重对2013年7月7日发生在安徽天长至江苏高邮一带导致龙卷的对流风暴的形成和结构特征演变进行了分析。结果表明:江淮梅雨期间,地面中尺度气旋的右侧附近(100 km)、对流层低层中尺度低涡右下方约200~300km处和低空急流左后侧之间区域是龙卷易发区;梅雨期大气环流背景为龙卷的发生提供了对流层低层充沛的水汽和有利的不稳定层结与动力条件,低层气旋性涡度在龙卷发生前强烈发展,边界层内强的垂直风切变促进了龙卷风暴内气旋性涡度的迅速增强,而对流层低层辐合的增强将有利于初始对流的触发;但梅雨期龙卷对对流不稳定能量蓄积条件要求低于冰雹和雷暴大风;龙卷对流参数特征值及其与气候平均值的差异性为龙卷天气的短期预报提供了参考依据。引发2013年7月7日龙卷的对流风暴起源于地面辐合线附近,地面辐合及中尺度锋区的增强有利于对流风暴的快速发展,此次系列龙卷是由一个生命史较长的超级单体风暴产生,该对流风暴具有典型超级单体的回波特征,风暴内的中气旋维持2h之久,中气旋相关参数的演变对龙卷的临近预警有较高的参考价值,当中气旋底高较低且中气旋切变值明显增强时,发生龙卷天气的可能性较大。