高速公路缓倾红层软岩滑坡形成机制及防治措施研究

以缓倾红层软岩地区某新建高速公路路堑开挖滑坡为例,通过对该滑坡形成过程、致灾因素及变形机制进行分析,结果表明:前缘开挖临空条件、大气降雨是滑坡产生的主要因素,高边坡开挖形成临空面,降雨使岩体处于饱水状态,在裂缝扩张力及静水压力作用下,形成垂直裂隙并向岩体深部发展,剪断岩层局部层面结构面,最后贯通形成滑面滑动致灾。滑坡前缘反压堆载、后缘裂缝遮盖防雨,坡面截排水、位移监控等应急措施止滑效果较好,推荐采用支挡工程+清方方案处治滑坡。建议缓倾红层软岩边坡加固设计贯彻分级支挡思路,以提高边坡稳定性及施工安全性。     

滦赤路延庆段典型危岩发育特征及防治措施

滦赤路位于北京市延庆区北部山区,由于公路依山势沿沟谷山坡修建,山高坡陡,两侧边坡存在较多的危岩体,威胁到过往车辆及行人的安全。在对滦赤路(延庆段)危岩体进行详细野外调查的基础上,结合危岩体发育区的地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造等地质环境条件,选取了两处典型危岩体,分析了典型危岩体的发育特征,研究了危岩体的形成影响因素和失稳机理,评价了危岩体的稳定性,并针对典型危岩体提出了相应的防治措施建议。     

川南煤田龙潭组煤系泥页岩气与煤层气组合模式及合采前景分析

文中研究的上二叠统龙潭组煤层及其顶底板泥页岩含气性特征、组合模式及合采对煤系气勘探开发意义重大。为改变煤层气产业低产低效长周期的现状,实现综合效益的目标,将龙潭组作为目标层进行研究;简述了川南煤田龙潭组含气泥页岩与煤层的组合模式,并初步探讨了上述组合模式合探合采的必要性、条件和前景,并提出了开展综合勘探开采的建议。     

薄壁结构砼的裂缝与处理

分析了万年闸船闸砼工程结束后薄壁砼结构墙体出现大面积贯通性裂缝的发生原因,提出了修复裂缝的工艺方案,总结了预防此类裂缝发生的有效措施。     

Equivalent continuum strain calculations based on 3D particle kinematic measurements of sand

Constitutive modeling of granular materials has been a subject of extensive research for many years. While the calculation of the Cauchy stress tensor using the discrete element method has been well established in the literature, the formulation and interpretation of the strain tensor are not as well documented. According to Bagi, 1 researchers mostly adopt well‐known continuum or discrete microstructural approaches to calculate strains within granular materials. However, neither of the 2 approaches can fully capture the behavior of granular materials. They are considered complementary to each other where each has its own strengths and limitations in solving granular‐mechanics problems. Zhang and Regueiro 2 proposed an equivalent continuum approach to calculating finite strain measures at the local level in granular materials subjected to large deformations. They used three‐dimensional discrete element method results to compare the proposed strains measures. This paper presents an experimental application of the Zhang and Regueiro 2 approach using three‐dimensional synchrotron microcomputed tomography images of a sheared Ottawa sand specimen. Invariant Eulerian finite strain measures were calculated for representative element volumes within the specimen. The spatial maps of Eulerian octahedral shear and volumetric strain were used to identify zones of intense shearing within the specimen and compared well with maps of incremental particle translation and rotation for the same specimen. The local Eulerian volumetric strain was compared to the global volumetric strains, which also can be considered as an averaging of all local Eulerian volumetric strains.     

Stormwater control impacts on runoff volume and peak flow: A meta-analysis of watershed modelling studies

Decades of research has concluded that the percent of impervious surface cover in a watershed is strongly linked to negative impacts on urban stream health. Recently, there has been a push by municipalities to offset these effects by installing structural stormwater control measures (SCMs), which are landscape features designed to retain and reduce runoff to mitigate the effects of urbanisation on event hydrology. The goal of this study is to build generalisable relationships between the level of SCM implementation in urban watersheds and resulting changes to hydrology. A literature review of 185 peer-reviewed studies of watershed-scale SCM implementation across the globe was used to identify 52 modelling studies suitable for a meta-analysis to build statistical relationships between SCM implementation and hydrologic change. Hydrologic change is quantified as the percent reduction in storm event runoff volume and peak flow between a watershed with SCMs relative to a (near) identical control watershed without SCMs. Results show that for each additional 1% of SCM-mitigated impervious area in a watershed, there is an additional 0.43% reduction in runoff and a 0.60% reduction in peak flow. Values of SCM implementation required to produce a change in water quantity metrics were identified at varying levels of probability. For example, there is a 90% probability (high confidence) of at least a 1% reduction in peak flow with mitigation of 33% of impervious surfaces. However, as the reduction target increases or mitigated impervious surface decreases, the probability of reaching the reduction target also decreases. These relationships can be used by managers to plan SCM implementation at the watershed scale.     

MODIS和OMI数据评估阅兵期间北京市大气减排成效

卫星观测不仅能反映区域宏观大气污染状况,也能从城市尺度上监测大气污染物的变化。基于以上优势,本文利用MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和OMI对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度数据,比较2015年与2012年—2014年以及2015年3个时期(减排前、减排中、减排后)AOD和NO_2柱浓度的变化,定性分析了阅兵期间华北平原地区污染物减排效果,重点定量评估北京市联控减排措施的效果。研究发现2015年减排中华北平原重污染地区AOD和NO_2柱浓度相比于前3年同期有明显降低。定量分析北京市的减排效果得到:2015年减排中较前3年同期而言,AOD降低59%,NO_2柱浓度降低41%;较2015年减排前而言,AOD降低73%,NO_2柱浓度降低30%,去除气象条件影响后,AOD下降43%,NO_2柱浓度下降21%,说明严格的联控减排措施有效地改善了空气质量,气象条件也起到积极的作用。减排措施结束后,AOD和NO_2柱浓度比减排中分别增加159%和71%。研究结果表明,卫星遥感与地基监测评估效果相当,能反映北京地面污染物排放能力;它既能观测区域尺度大气污染变化,又可评估城市尺度大气污染减排。随着卫星技术水平的提高,期望未来卫星遥感可作为一种独立手段来定量评估区域及城市尺度空气质量减排措施的效果。     

中国贫困村致贫因素分析及贫困类型划分

精确度量行政村贫困特征是当前贫困精准识别及全面脱贫的国家战略需要。基于“十二五”期间全国“整村推进”贫困村数据,构建空间贫困视角下的多维贫困度量模型综合测算全国范围内贫困村的贫困程度,基于指标贡献度分解与线性回归方法挖掘贫困村的致贫因素,利用最小方差模型（LSE）区分贫困村的贫困类型,并结合空间计量分析技术揭示贫困村的空间分布分异特征,为面向2020年全面脱贫的国家战略提供辅助决策支撑。结果表明：① 中国贫困村近一半处于中度贫困,且贫困程度与贫困规模存在显著的地域性。② 通路情况较差、自然灾害频发、收入水平低下、劳动力状况不佳是中国贫困村的主要致贫因素,显著性指标包括通路率、地貌类型、遭受自然灾害频次、人均纯收入、劳动力比例、劳动力文化素质等。③ 中国贫困村整体呈多因素致贫,三因素支配型、四因素协同型、五因素联合型贫困分布相对较高。④ “整村推进”扶贫工作初见成效,对促进贫困村可持续发展起到了较好的推进作用,但贫困村具有各自贫困特征,需进一步地因地制宜,因村施策,开展针对性帮扶工作。     

基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析方法及应用研究——以四川凉山彝族自治州为例

可持续生计框架是辩证思考贫困的影响因素及其形成过程的理论总结,有助于对精准扶贫进行规范化和系统化的研究。本文以可持续生计框架为蓝本,构建基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析框架,并从影响农户生计的内因和外因视角,讨论精准扶贫的多维贫困识别指数(MPII)的基本构成。以四川省凉山州作为案例区域,建立具有本土特色的MPII指标体系;识别出420户贫困户,其中80.48%(338户)的建档立卡户与识别结果重叠;与建档立卡农户相比,所识别贫困农户在各单个维度和综合维度都几乎处于更劣势的水平,识别效果更加精准。根据贫困原因的相似性,可将贫困农户划分为人力资本贫困型、基础型资本贫困型、社会资本贫困型、多维资本贫困型、生计环境恶劣型等五种类型,并针对不同的贫困类型提出相应的帮扶措施。     

临沂市海绵城市建设中雨水回收系统设计:以东风东关片区改造为例

以山东省临沂市东风东关片区改造为例,将海绵城市建设要求融入到园林景观建设中。通过对临沂当地降雨量的分析,制定区域降雨控制管理目标,采取了屋顶绿化、透水铺装、下凹式绿地、植草沟、渗井渗管、车库顶板处理、雨水回收利用系统和植物绿化等措施。雨水回收利用系统工程完成后,通过夏季的几场大到暴雨的检验,实现降雨后片区道路雨水下渗明显、无积水,基本达到规划设计的目标要求,该方法将有助于海绵城市在临沂市的推广应用。