Three-image matching. For 3-D linear object tracking

This paper will discuss strategies for trinocular image rectification and matching for linear object tracking. It is well known that a pair of stereo images generates two epipolar images. Three overlapped images can yield six epipolar images in situations where any two are required to be rectified for the purpose of image matching. In this case, the search for feature correspondences is computationally intensive and matching complexity increases. A special epipolar image rectification for three stereo images, which simplifies the image matching process, is therefore proposed. This method generates only three rectified images, with the result that the search for matching features becomes more straightforward. With the three rectified images, a particular line-segment-based correspondence strategy is suggested. The primary characteristics of the feature correspondence strategy include application of specific epipolar geometric constraints and reference to three-ray triangulation residuals in object space.     

Automatic road change detection and GIS updating from high spatial remotely-sensed imagery

This paper presents a framework for road network change detection in order to update the Canadian National Topographic DataBase (NTDB). The methodology has been developed on the basis of road extraction from IRS-pan images (with a 5.8 m spatial resolution) by using a wavelet approach. The feature matching and conflation techniques are used to road change detection and updating. Elementary experiments have showed that the proposed framework could be used for developing an operational road database updating system.     

Automatic searching of control point in NOAA AVHRR image

This paper discusses the approaches for automatical searching of control points in the NOAA AVHRR image on the basis of data rearrangement in the form of latitude and longitude grid. The vegetation index transformation and multi-level matching strategies have been proven effective and successful as the experiments show while the control point database is established.     

Shape similarity measures of linear entities

The essential of feature matching technology lies in how to measure the similarity of spatial entities. Among all the possible similarity measures, the shape similarity measure is one of the most important measures because it is easy to collect the necessary parameters and it is also well matched with the human intuition. In this paper a new shape similarity measure of linear entities based on the differences of direction change along each line is presented and its effectiveness is illustrated.     

Sediment jamming of a trunk stream by hyperconcentrated floods from small tributaries: case of the Upper Yellow River,China

ABSTRACT

The tributary–trunk stream relationship is investigated with respect to hyperconcentrated flows and coupled wind–water processes in the Yellow River, China. Ten small tributaries that drain only 3% of the total drainage area of the trunk stream transport large amounts of relatively coarse sediment from the desert to the trunk stream during hyperconcentrated floods. The resultant strong sedimentation often jams the trunk stream, leading to serious disasters. This study reveals the cause of this interesting phenomenon and proposes countermeasures for disaster reduction. A typical sediment-jamming event (SJE) in July 1989 was thoroughly analysed based on the observational data, including the beginning, development and final stages of the event. An index of the geomorphologic effectiveness of the tributary on the trunk stream and a number of indices describing SJEs and the influencing factors are adopted, based on which a discrimination relationship for the occurrence of SJEs is established and some statistical relationships are also established. The SJE’s hydrological and geomorphologic impacts are discussed at short timescales (from several days to one month) and at long time scales (up to 46 years). The results may help to gain a new insight into the study of the tributary–trunk stream relationship, and provide useful information for sediment management and disaster-reduction planning in the drainage basin. Countermeasures are suggested to reduce the channel sedimentation and the risk of sediment-jamming disaters.

Editor M.C. Acreman Associate editor Q. Zhang     

PUBLICATIONS OF THE IAHS

Abstract

Gauging stations where the stage—discharge relationship is affected by hysteresis due to unsteady flow represent a challenge in hydrometry. In such situations, the standard hydrometric practice of fitting a single-valued rating curve to the available stage—discharge measurements is inappropriate. As a solution to this problem, this study provides a method based on the Jones formula and nonlinear regression, which requires no further data beyond the available stage—discharge measurements, given that either the stages before and after each measurement are known along with the duration of each measurement, or a stage hydrograph is available. The regression model based on the Jones formula rating curve is developed by applying the monoclinal rising wave approximation and the generalized friction law for uniform flow, along with simplifying assumptions about the hydraulic and geometric properties of the river channel in conjunction with the gauging station. Methods for obtaining the nonlinear least-squares rating-curve estimates, while factoring in approximated uncertainty, are discussed. The broad practical applicability and appropriateness of the method are demonstrated by applying the model to: (a) an accurate, comprehensive and detailed database from a hydropower-generated highly dynamic flow in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, USA; and (b) data from gauging stations in two large rivers in the USA affected by hysteresis. It is also shown that the model is especially suitable for post-modelling hydraulic and statistical validation and assessment.     

交叉梯度理论及其在地球物理联合反演中的应用

地球物理联合反演中,建立合适的目标函数将不同物性参数联合起来是非常重要的一步工作,然而并不是所有的物性参数之间都存在较为明显的显式关系.本文系统介绍并分析了地球物理联合反演中用于耦合不同物性参数的新方法-交叉梯度法.该方法充分利用交叉梯度函数的性质,从结构上对不同物性参数进行耦舍.在联合反演算法的目标函数中引入交叉梯度项,无需不同物性间的其他耦合关系即可实现广义意义下的联合反演.理论密度数值模型验证了交叉梯度函数的相关性质,相关应用实例也表明了该方法在联合反演中应用效果良好,具有一定的实际应用价值.     

纵、横波联合反演方法在海拉尔盆地贝39井区的应用

海拉尔贝39井区构造复杂,砂体边界识别难,常规纵波地震解释存在多解性,引入转换波信息可增加地震解释的可靠性.由测井曲线的岩石物理分析可知,在纵波阻抗-速度比双弹性空间可识别砂泥岩.本文根据海拉尔地区测井资料的特点,利用拟合方法重构横波测井曲线;基于海拉尔贝39井区三维三分量地震数据,采用放大比例尺层拉平的精细层位解释及纵波降颊和转换波提频相结合的方法进行精细层位匹配,在此基础上,由纵、横波联合反演求出速度比属性,定性描述了储层的平面分布,与贝39井钻遇油层特征相符,解决了该地区的油水分布问题.应用属性切片技术得到油层组的砂体平面展布,砂体的展布特征与区域地质认识的物源沉积方向具有较好的吻合程度,并对贝39并区的油藏类型进行了重新认识.     

Analysis of aftershock sequences in South and Southeastern Spain

A probabilistic modeling is used to analyze the spatio-temporal behavior of eleven aftershock sequences occurred in South and Southeastern Spain. This study focuses on the analysis of two seismicity parameters: the b-value of the frequency-magnitude distribution, and the p-value, explaining the temporal decay rate of aftershocks. The estimated b values range between 0.77 ± 0.05 and 1.18 ± 0.10 close to the typical b-values of the aftershock frequency-magnitude relationship b ≈ 1.0. The estimated p-values range between 0.75 ± 0.03 and 1.43 ± 0.10 showing broad regimes of the temporal decay of aftershocks. The modified Bath’s law used to analyze the energy partitioning, suggests that a large fraction of the accumulated energy is released in the mainshock and relatively small fraction of energy is released during aftershock sequence, for example 80% of the total energy is released during the Mula 1999 mainshock, 88% during Bullas 2002 mainshock and 87% during La Paca 2005 mainshock. The fractal dimension D₂ is estimated using the correlation integral, and then used to derive the slip ratio, as the ratio of the slip occurred on primary fault segment to the total slip. For example, we obtained a slip ratio equal to 71% for the Mula 1999 aftershock sequence, 61% for the Bullas 2002 event, 58% for the La Paca 2005 aftershock, 50% for the Lorca 2011 sequence and 63% for the sequence triggered by the Gador 2002 mainshock.Finally, the correlations between the fractal dimension, the b-value and the p-value is analyzed, and the Aki’s relation D = 3b/c is discussed as well.     

家空间与家庭关系的活动-移动行为透视——基于国际比较的视角

家被认为是具有保护性和排他性的私人空间,是个人寻求归属感和安全感的场所。但由于东西方文化差异,家的意义以及家庭关系的重要性存在着明显差异。基于活动—移动行为分析,以家空间利用和家庭关系为突破点,讨论由传统文化价值观及社会经济发展水平影响的社会人际交往模式的不同。实证研究部分基于中国北京和荷兰乌特勒支在2007年进行的活动日志调查,围绕“谁会被允许进入家空间”的问题,将活动空间划分为“自己家—他人家—公共空间”三个层次,分析活动同伴对见面地点选择的影响。结果表明,北京居民通常在家会见亲属,而在公共场所会见朋友;乌特勒支居民对亲属和朋友共同活动地点选择并没有明显差异。这与中国较强的家庭观念以及家庭保护意识相一致。活动地点的选择也受到性别、家庭结构等社会经济属性的影响。进而讨论了中国传统家庭观念对中西方和谐社会建设及老龄社会保障等的现实意义。