基于水位流量关系的流量估算不确定性分析

针对现有水位流量关系线型物理机制不强及流量估算不确定性来源考虑不充分问题,以北江流域石角水文站为例,推导该测站水位流量关系,基于BaRatin模型评估流量测量误差及率定样本选取对估算流量不确定性的影响。发现河槽控制宽浅矩形断面水位流量关系为幂函数,其系数可用糙率、河宽、比降表达,指数为定值5/3;考虑流量测量误差后高水估算流量总不确定性减小32%;率定数据增加1倍、3倍,高水估算流量总不确定性减小12%、34%。结果表明:① 水位流量关系模型建立方法可推广至多类型测站;② 高水测量误差对率定精度影响较大,建议提高高水流量测量精度;③ 现有实测水位与流量数据存在信息冗余,主要存在于低水数据中,本方法可减少率定数据使用,降低整编成本。     

一种基于WordNet的跨语言地理本体匹配方法

针对跨语言环境下地理本体异构性强、本体实例重叠度低等特点,本文提出了一种半自动的地理本体匹配方法。通过概念化方法提取要素的本体属性,并用翻译工具将跨语言的本体属性转化为Word Net的语义集合,在此基础上进行本体属性的比较和本体概念的匹配。本方法以中国基础地理要素类型本体库和美国地质勘探局的地形图本体库的水系本体要素为依据进行了匹配实验,验证了方法的有效性。     

胶州湾流速场的声层析反演研究

采用结合匹配法和经验正交函数法的射线声层析反演方法,针对流场水平分布不均匀特点,使用距离等效分段方法对反演算法进行改进,利用三个断面声层析数据,对胶州湾口潮流场的垂直和水平分布进行反演。与传统方法比较,大大降低与实测流速垂直分布间的偏差,平均偏差小于0.02 m/s,流场垂直分布间的相关系数提高到0.85以上。分析了声传播断面上不同的流场结构,以及涨潮期间在胶州湾团岛附近出现的涡流现象,并计算得到湾口海水流量变化。结果表明,改进的射线声层析反演方法可有效地用于水平分布不均匀流场监测,仅采用少量声学观测站位,即可获得大范围的复杂流场三维信息,有利于近海海洋资源开发、海洋环境保护和船舶航行安全。     

Progress of Research on the Support System for Economic Growth

China has achieved a long-term and high-speed growth in terms of national economy, but faces a series of highlighted problems concerning economic growth and resource and environment support. This paper summarizes the progress of research on economic growth and its support system (resource and environment) mainly from the perspective of geography, and puts forward the main research direction of the support system for economic growth in future.     

城市活动断层数据库在苏州地区断层精确定位中的应用

通过城市活动断层数据库建立断点与断层的拓扑关系,结合遥感解译、物探、钻探、地质地貌等多项专题数据的成果,综合判定断层的空间位置与展布特征。精确定位后的断层F_1与资料收集确定的断层最大直线距离达到1 km;F_2向西南延伸了11.2 km,与目标区初定断层最大直线距离为2.4 km;F_3向北东延伸约6.7 km,与目标区初定断层最大直线距离为0.8 km;F_4向东延伸约5.7 km,与目标区初定断层最大直线距离约1.6 km。断层精确定位对城市规划、工程场地的选址、提高城市土地利用率、城市的抗震设计都有一定的指导意义。     

Mapping rice-fallow cropland areas for short-season grain legumes intensification in South Asia using MODIS 250 m time-series data

The goal of this study was to map rainfed and irrigated rice-fallow cropland areas across South Asia, using MODIS 250?m time-series data and identify where the farming system may be intensified by the inclusion of a short-season crop during the fallow period. Rice-fallow cropland areas are those areas where rice is grown during the kharif growing season (June–October), followed by a fallow during the rabi season (November–February). These cropland areas are not suitable for growing rabi-season rice due to their high water needs, but are suitable for a short -season (≤3 months), low water-consuming grain legumes such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), black gram, green gram, and lentils. Intensification (double-cropping) in this manner can improve smallholder farmer’s incomes and soil health via rich nitrogen-fixation legume crops as well as address food security challenges of ballooning populations without having to expand croplands. Several grain legumes, primarily chickpea, are increasingly grown across Asia as a source of income for smallholder farmers and at the same time providing rich and cheap source of protein that can improve the nutritional quality of diets in the region. The suitability of rainfed and irrigated rice-fallow croplands for grain legume cultivation across South Asia were defined by these identifiers: (a) rice crop is grown during the primary (kharif) crop growing season or during the north-west monsoon season (June–October); (b) same croplands are left fallow during the second (rabi) season or during the south-east monsoon season (November–February); and (c) ability to support low water-consuming, short-growing season (≤3 months) grain legumes (chickpea, black gram, green gram, and lentils) during rabi season. Existing irrigated or rainfed crops such as rice or wheat that were grown during kharif were not considered suitable for growing during the rabi season, because the moisture/water demand of these crops is too high. The study established cropland classes based on the every 16-day 250?m normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series for one year (June 2010–May 2011) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, using spectral matching techniques (SMTs), and extensive field knowledge. Map accuracy was evaluated based on independent ground survey data as well as compared with available sub-national level statistics. The producers’ and users’ accuracies of the cropland fallow classes were between 75% and 82%. The overall accuracy and the kappa coefficient estimated for rice classes were 82% and 0.79, respectively. The analysis estimated approximately 22.3?Mha of suitable rice-fallow areas in South Asia, with 88.3% in India, 0.5% in Pakistan, 1.1% in Sri Lanka, 8.7% in Bangladesh, 1.4% in Nepal, and 0.02% in Bhutan. Decision-makers can target these areas for sustainable intensification of short-duration grain legumes.     

春季北太平洋风暴轴的年际与年代际变化特征及其与太平洋海温异常的关系

利用20世纪大气再分析资料和欧洲中心海温资料研究了春季西北太平洋风暴轴的年（代）际变化特征以及在不同年代际背景下风暴轴与太平洋海温关系的转变。结果表明,春季西北太平洋风暴轴主要存在两种空间变化模态,即反映其强度变化的第1模态和反映其南北位置变化的第2模态。年代际及以上时间尺度上,风暴轴强度、位置与太平洋海温的关系主要表现为大气对海洋的强迫作用。在不同年代际背景下,风暴轴与太平洋海温的关系则存在明显的年代际转变：1977年以后,风暴轴强度与太平洋海温的关系主要表现为大气对海洋的强迫作用,而在1977年之前则主要表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用,特别是同期冬季日本以东黑潮和黑潮延伸区海温异常的强迫作用;风暴轴南北位置与太平洋海温异常的关系,在1977年以后表现为大气对海洋的强迫作用,主要表现为对北太平洋中部海温的影响,但在1977年以前表现为海洋和大气的共同作用,风暴轴南北位置的变化还与同期的赤道中东太平洋海温异常有关,表明ENSO可能对风暴轴的位置变化存在影响。     

北京地区夏季降水与气温的对应关系

随着全球气候的持续变暖,各种高影响天气气候事件的发生频率和强度均有明显增强。由于大气热力条件与降水的变化有着密切的联系,开展降水与气温对应关系的研究具有重要的科学意义。本文应用北京地区20个气象站1978—2012年夏季逐日降水及气温资料,分析了不同量级降水与气温的对应关系及城、郊区间的差异。结果表明:(1)北京地区降水量随气温的升高有一个先升后降的过程。中雨及以上量级的降水,当气温达到临界值后雨量保持平稳,随气温变化不明显。而当气温进一步上升到一定程度后,降水量开始随气温升高而迅速减弱。越是强度大的降水,其在达到峰值前随气温的增速越接近Clausius-Clapeyron变率。(2)降水频率、强度随气温变化的临界值各不相同。当气温超过临界值后,降水频率及强度均开始减弱。(3)城、郊区间不同量级的降水随气温具有相似的变化趋势,但到达临界值前城区降水随气温的增速比郊区更大,表明城区降水对气温的敏感性比郊区更强。鉴于城市化对区域气候的主要影响是导致热岛效应的增强,这将有助于我们从另一个角度探讨城市化效应对降水的影响机制。     

不规则量化SIFT的遥感影像匹配

SIFT算法描述子均匀量化局部区域的位置和梯度角,难以有效解决描述子局部几何失真的问题。该文改进SIFT描述子的汇聚策略,将描述区域不规则分割(位置量化)与梯度角方向柱递减(方向量化)相结合,提高特征描述子抵抗局部几何失真的能力。将本文算法与原SIFT描述子进行比较,使用不同条件的遥感影像对测试,从匹配点对数量、时间耗损和稳定性等方面进行对比试验,验证了不规则量化描述子有较强的独特性和鲁棒性。     

基于云计算系统的空间查询处理方法

针对传统的关系型空间数据库已经不能很好地适应于超大规模高并发空间查询访问的处理需要的问题,该文着眼于解决大数据时代下地理信息服务所面临的日益严峻的大规模空间查询访问需求,探索了一套基于Spark架构的空间查询实现技术,并给出相应的解决方案。提出一个基于Spark并提供类SQL访问接口的空间查询实现模型GeoSpark SQL,解决了以下关键问题:数据的外包矩形数据生成和标准地理信息数据对Spark的导入导出方法;Spark空间查询算子实现方法;Spark空间索引与查询优化方法。GeoSpark SQL模型在初步实验中,已可以满足实时性的要求,对复杂的空间查询也能有良好的性能表现。