Participatory Conservation? Community-based Natural Resource Management in Botswana

This paper examines the complexities of participatory conservation through a case study of the process of participation in a government funded community-based natural resource management programme in Western Botswana. The paper argues that different stakeholders have very different views on the levels of participation taking place in particular projects. Furthermore local people find it difficult to voice their concerns about the environment and issues of sustainability given the power relations involved in this 'participatory'process. The paper questions the accountability and motivation of the different stakeholders involved in participatory projects and suggests that implicit in the policy implementation process are mechanisms which constrain empowerment and dictate the forms of participatory conservation which can emerge. The paper concludes by reviewing the case study in the light of new policy developments in Botswana.     

MOUNTAIN GEOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT. Although mountains have been studied for centuries, they are the subject of only a slender body of formal literature. Instead, those who study high places in specific regions construct working definitions and continually recraft bibliographies. Studies of mountains often focus on comparatively limited themes: physical processes, ecology, or sacred spaces, for example. As scholars become interested in environmental degradation and the development of mountains, there is all the more need to develop a mountain geography literature that expands the study of mountains to include the political, economic, cultural, and social dimensions of their environments and peoples. Three areas‐cultural geography, political ecology, and conservation theory‐are suggested for additional research.     

关于OH/IR星的质量损失率计算公式的讨论

利用几种不同的半经验公式计算一批OH／IR星的质量损失率,并通过比较计算结果来讨论所用的公式．在一些情况下,计算质量损失率必须先给定气尘比．通过计算出样品星的气尘比,并讨论气尘比的变化情况,以修正由尘埃质量损失率到总质量损失率的关系式．     

近相接双星室女座BF的轨道周期变化

收集了近相接双星ＢＦ Ｖｉｒ的光极小时刻,并对其轨道周期进行分析。结果表明该星的轨道周期在长期减小的财时也含有３０年的周期性变化,对引起轨道周期变化的各种物理机制的分析研究表明：一个质量为０．２８１Ｍ⊙、绕公共质心的轨道半径为１０．２ＵＡ的第３天体的存在能对轨道周期的周期性变化成份作出解释,如果轨道周期的周期性变化成份是由于次子星的周期性磁活动引起,那么系统总光度就应该有振幅０．０９７Ｌ⊙的周期性     

The K-band luminosity function of nearby field galaxies

We present a measurement of the K -band luminosity function (LF) of field galaxies obtained from near-infrared imaging of a sample of 345 galaxies selected from the Stromlo-APM Redshift Survey. The LF is reasonably well fitted over the 10-mag range −26 M _K −16 by a Schechter function with parameters α =−1.16±0.19, M *=−23.58±0.42 and φ *=0.012±0.008 Mpc⁻³, assuming a Hubble constant of H ₀=100 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹. We have also estimated the LF for two subsets of galaxies subdivided by the equivalent width of the H α emission line at EW(H α )=10 Å. There is no significant difference in LF shape between the two samples, although there is a hint (∼1 σ significance) that emission-line galaxies (ELGs) have M * roughly 1 mag fainter than non-ELGs. Contrary to the optical LF, there is no difference in faint-end slope α between the two samples.     

基于地表能量平衡与SCS模型的祁连山水源涵养能力研究

基于区域水量平衡,利用地表能量平衡的原理计算陆地实际蒸散发量,采用SCS模型计算地表径流量,提出了一种定量评估区域水源涵养量的实用方法。利用该方法和GIS软件平台,结合1982-2003年遥感数据和对祁连山水源涵养重要区水源涵养能力强弱的空间分布及其变化规律进行了计算和分析。结果表明:(1)祁连山山地水源涵养重要区内水源涵养能力最强的区域为中部和东南部地区,而西部地区涵养水源的能力相对较弱;(2)祁连山山地水源涵养重要区内中部和靠东南部的水源涵养能力减弱比较明显,特别是以门源回族自治县为中心,形成了水源涵养能力持续减弱带。     

New developments in water efficiency

1Water LossInitiativesUnaccounted-for water(or unbilled water)has beenreceiving newscrutiny at both the state and nationallevels.For years,water conservationeffortsin Europehave emphasized reduction in water loss to a muchgreater extent thaninthe United S…     

农业景观保护路径历史回顾及启示

农业景观保护是实现农业景观可持续发展的重要举措,关系到中国粮食安全保障、农耕文明传承、乡村风貌维系、生态安全格局构建乃至社会经济稳定发展.本文借助对发达国家农业景观保护路径的长时间尺度历史回顾,总结归纳出农业景观保护路径发展的一般规律,即其在社会经济发展进程中一般经历传统保护、应对保护、管制保护、治理保护和管护保护五个...     

1950年以来汾河水沙演变规律及影响因素分析

利用汾河河津水文站1950 年以来的水文资料, 应用多种统计分析方法, 系统分析了汾河水沙的季节及年 际变化规律, 并且对人类活动导致的年径流变化影响进行了估算。研究表明, 汾河流域水沙年内分配极不均匀, 年 内不均匀系数有明显上升趋势, 且越到近期稳定程度越低。水沙的年际变化剧烈, 且在20 世纪80 年代之后年径流 基本都是枯水时段。应用累积滤波器对汾河水沙变化趋势进行分析, 结果显示, 汾河流域水沙均呈减少趋势, 且泥 沙变化幅度大于径流变化。通过降水—径流双累积曲线及对天然径流的还原分析表明, 径流变化趋势在1964 年发 生明显偏离, 从多年平均值来看, 人类活动导致的径流减少量占径流减少总量的75.912%, 人类活动是汾河流域径 流减少的主要因素。     

基于多参数指标的长江口滨岸多环芳烃来源辨析

在长江口滨岸及临近排污口、滨岸河流、城市中心城区采集悬浮颗粒物、表层沉积物、街道灰尘等样品, 分别利用GC-MS 和GC-C-IRMS 定量分析了不同环境介质中的多环芳烃 (PAHs) 与有机单体化合物稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C), 开展了基于PAH 环数、分子量特征比值和有机单体化合物稳定碳同位素组成等参数指标的长江口滨岸悬浮颗粒物与表层沉积物中PAHs 源解析研究。研究结果显示, 长江口滨岸悬浮颗粒物与表层沉积物中的PAH 化合物主要以3~4 环为主, 与吴淞排污口、石洞口污水处理厂、黄浦江、滨岸小河流以及上海中心城区等潜在来源区域不同环境介质中的PAHs 组成特征相似, 主要来源于汽油、柴油、煤炭和木材的不完全燃烧以及石油残余物的混合。其中, 木材和煤炭不完全燃烧形成的PAHs 以及石油残余物, 枯季经过滨岸河流及排污口直接输入, 洪季则为城市街道灰尘被暴雨冲刷, 随地表 径流最终汇入河口; 汽车排放(汽油、柴油不完全燃烧) 产生的PAHs 主要富集在城市交通区和商业区的街道灰尘中, 枯季借助区域盛行风迁移至河口区, 洪季则主要通过暴雨径流冲刷进入河口。