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231.
L. Allan James 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2006,31(13):1692-1706
An extensive literature about fluvial sediment waves, slugs or pulses has emerged in the past 20 years. The concept has been useful in many respects, but has been applied to diverse phenomena using a variety of definitions. Moreover, inferred linkages between channel‐bed changes and sediment loads are often not justifiable. This paper reviews concepts of large fluvial sediment waves at scales extending to several tens of kilometres. It points out constraints on the inferences that can be made about sediment loads based on changes in channel‐bed elevation at this scale where channel sediment interacts with storage in floodplain and terrace deposits. The type area of G. K. Gilbert's initial sediment‐wave concept is re‐examined to show that neither wave translation nor dispersion occurred in the simple manner commonly assumed. Channel aggradation and return to graded conditions provide an alternative theory explaining Gilbert's observed bed‐elevation changes. Recognizing the evidence and implications of the former passage of a large‐scale bed wave is essential to the accurate diagnosis of catchment conditions and the adoption of appropriate river restoration goals or methods. Sediment loads, water quality, channel morphologic stability and aquatic ecosystems often reflect changes in sediment storage long after the channel bed has returned to grade. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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233.
长白山区图们江流域新生代火山岩的岩石化学研究 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5
图们江流域新生代火山岩以溢流式喷发为特征,其主要岩石类型以拉斑玄武岩为主,含少量玄武质粗安岩、碱性玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和粗面玄武岩。根据图们江流域火山岩的Mg#(Mg#=100Mg^2+/(Mg^2++Fe^2+))值多数≤60,Ni含量〈100μg/g和主、微量元素地球化学特征综合表明,形成火山岩的岩浆不是原始岩浆,它们是原始岩浆在上地幔经历了橄榄石、辉石分离结晶作用后形成的以拉斑玄武岩为主,包括碱性玄武岩和粗面玄武岩等演化岩浆,结晶分异作用是岩浆演化过程的主要控制因素。拉斑玄武质岩浆在上升过程中发生了不同程度的壳源物质同化混染作用,发生在上地壳遭受较大程度混染的岩浆K2O含量明显偏高(〉2.6%),形成玄武质粗安岩。 相似文献
234.
河流梯级开发在满足社会需求的同时,还对区域生态环境具有一定的作用。针对河流水电开发对生态环境的影响,从河川流量、泥沙输移、水环境以及水生物等几个方面,将国内外的研究状况进行综合评述,并探讨了今后重点研究的几个方面:①如何应用可持续理念指导水资源开发与调度;②水利工程建设对河流水沙变化影响的量化研究;③失衡生态系统的自适应和自恢复机理研究;④水体富营养化最小临界流速研究;⑤如何通过水库联合调度,解决河流水电开发造成的环境胁迫问题的研究。 相似文献
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分析了大朝山水库蓄水前,水库区域历史中强、强地震背景与1992年来的地震活动格局,及蓄水前9年中库坝区天然地震活动的时、空、强分布,结果表明:大朝山水库区为地震活动水平较低的区域,库坝附近30km以2、3级地震活动为主,库首方向距大坝40km左右的景谷与库尾方向距大坝50km的昌宁、凤庆一带为5级地震活动区,外围100km左右的耿马、澜沧、普洱等地区为6、7级强震活动区;库坝区的地震活动基本符合G—R关系式,b值为0.69,累积应变曲线呈稳定增长趋势,时间分布上出现活跃与平静交替的分布格局。 相似文献
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239.
水能是清洁安全的能源。但如果对水能资源进行竭泽而渔地过度开发,必将引起地质生态环境方面的负面影响,甚至引发生态灾难。文章列举了岷江上游流域水能开发中的大量事例,呼吁应科学、合理、有序地开发利用河流水能资源,岷江上游流域水能资源的开发现状,应给人们以警醒和反思。 相似文献
240.
《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(2):203-216
Accurate evaluation and prediction of bedload transport are crucial in studies of fluvial hydrodynamic characteristics and river morphology.This paper presents a one-dimensional numerical model based on the one-dimensional lateral distribution method(1 D-LDM) and six classic bedload transport formulae that can be used to simulate hydrodynamic characteristics and bedload transport discharge in cross sections.Two gravel-bed rivers,i.e.the Danube River located approximately 70 km downstream from Bratislava in Slovakia and the Tolten River in south of Chile are used as examples.In the 1 D-LDM,gravity,bed shear stress,turbulent diffusion,and secondary flow are included to allow for accurate predictions of flow velocity and consequently bed shear stress in the cross sections.Six classic formulae were applied to evaluate the non-dimensional bedload transport rate,and the bedload transport discharge through a river cross section is obtained by integrating the bedload transport rate over the width of the cross section.The results show that the root mean square error(RMSE) and mean absolute error(MAE) of velocity and water discharge were less than 8% of the observed magnitude,while the correlation coefficient between model predictions and observations was close to unity.The formulae proposed by Ashida and Michiue(1972),in which particle collision with the bed is taken into account,and by Camenen and Larson(2005),which allows for yielding a non-zero bedload transport rate even when the bed shear stress is smaller than the critical bed shear stress value,appeared to be more appropriate for predicting the observed bedload transport rate in the studied cross sections of two gravel-bed rivers.If non-uniform sediment mixtures were considered,the bedload transport discharge through a cross-section could change considerably by up to 22.5% of the observed magnitude.The relations proposed by Ashida and Michiue(1972) and Egiazaroff(1965) for parameterizing the hiding factor yielded more realistic model predictions in comparison with observations for the measured data set collected for the Tolten River,while the one proposed by Wilcock and Crowe(2003) performs the best for the data set measured for the Danube River. 相似文献