GPS设备海上动态定位精度检测新方法

为解决GPS设备海上动态定位精度检测的问题,提出了利用高精度全站仪对GPS设备动态跟踪进行动态定位精度评定.阐述了检测基准数据的采集和处理,以及利用惯性测量设备提供的姿态数据将GPS定位数据归算到检测基准.简要介绍了进行动态定位精度评定所采用的方法,并对系统的误差进行了分析.最后通过实验验证了新方法的有效性.     

以解决全球问题为导向的地学类专业“遥感原理与应用”课程教学改革研究

本文从全球背景与国家战略层面、学生就业需求与深造层面、国内外主要高校教学现状等方面探讨了“遥感原理与应用”课程教学改革的必要性,分析了教学改革关键问题、目标与内容,提出了教学改革应以陆海统筹为原则,以解决全球性问题为导向,并在实际课程教学过程开展了教学方法的改革,主要体现在教学内容的持续更新、灵活的课程教学形式、加强学科交叉应用等方面。     

Radon measurements as an aid to the interpretation of atmospheric monitoring

Radon has been measured continuously at Cape Grim, Tasmania with a detection limit of about 0.05 Bq m^-3 (1.4 pCi m^-3). The annual average level from a close continental source is 3.8 Bq m^-3, whereas the level in maritime air streams is typically 0.5 Bq m^-3. The contribution of the ocean is about 0.04 Bq m^-3, which indicates that more than 90% of radon in maritime air is from a continent. Thus radon can provide much less equivocal evidence of the degree of continental influence on an air stream than can other atmospheric constituents, whose sources and loss mechanisms are more complex. A knowledge of the past history of an air stream is important in the interpretation of atmospheric measurements.There is a close correlation between low radon and low Aitken particle concentrations, which suggests a continental origin for these particles. On the basis of present data it is difficult to reconcile this with evidence that the particles are generated photochemically over the ocean. An extension of the radon program to other latitudes would help to resolve this discrepancy.     

Radon daughter disequilibria in the lower marine boundary layer

Radon daughters are produced as free ions, but they become attached to aerosol particles at a rate depending on the particle concentration. In the lower marine boundary layer, most of those which do not become attached plate out on the ocean surface. In this paper a simple model is used to examine the influence of several parameters on radon/radon daughter disequilibria in maritime air. The model is compared with experimental data from Cape Grim.The radon daughter to radon ratio, f, decreases from 0.86 to 0.1 as the particle concentration falls from 1000 to 10 cm^-3. Estimates of radon concentration at sea level, based on daughter measurements may therefore be in error by as much as a factor of 10 unless allowance is made for particle concentration. At 100 cm^-3, the standard deviation of the distribution of measured f values is about 30%, indicating that the particle concentration is not the only factor influencing the loss of radon daughters. The implication is that radon daughters can be used to measure radon concentrations at sea level with an accuracy of about 30%, provided the particle concentration is known.The measurements show that there is a very low proportion of unattached daughers in the air between about 30 and 165 m above sea level. According to the model, this implies that mixing of air up to about 200 m is usually rapid enough to result in plate-out of radon daughters on the ocean on a time scale of less than 100 s.     

中国附近海域地磁偏角图及其数学模式(1990.0)

本文介绍了中国附近海域地磁偏角模式的建立和“中国邻近海区地磁偏角图”的编绘以及质量分析。在建立中国附近海区地磁偏角模式时，使用了3000多个地磁测点和地磁台站及国际参考地磁场资料，采用的方法是泰勒多项式。对海区地磁偏角模式和海区地磁图作了对比分析，其效果是好的。海区地磁偏角模式和“中国邻近海区地磁偏角图” 清楚地反映出我国南沙群岛地区尺度为1000余公里的磁异常，解决了中国地磁图和世界地磁图在这一海区未能解决的问题。海区地磁偏角模式的建立和海区地磁偏角图的绘制出版，大大地提高了我国海区及其邻近海域地磁偏角导航的精度。     

表碛覆盖型冰川的提取方法及变化

表碛覆盖型冰川是山地冰川的一种特殊类型,表碛的存在使得其对气候变化呈现出不同的响应特征。基于2011—2020年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像和ASTER DEM数据,在综合分析表碛光谱、地形和地表温度特征基础上提出TDSI(temperature NDDI slope ice)方法,并将其用于提取中国境内托木尔冰川等6条大陆型冰川和雅弄冰川等3条海洋型冰川。结果表明：基于TDSI方法提取表碛覆盖型冰川的总体精度为91.23%,其中大陆型和海洋型表碛覆盖冰川的精度分别为91.20%和90.97%。2011—2020年6条大陆型冰川和3条海洋型冰川面积平均减少0.06%和0.11%,而表碛面积分别增加了11.92%和18.35%。大陆型冰川表碛主要分布在其中值海拔以下,而海洋型冰川表碛分布范围更广,近10年间二者均呈现向冰川上部扩张趋势。气温上升是冰川消融退缩和表碛增加的主要原因,同时冰川流速变化和终碛湖演变也对表碛变化有一定影响。     

渤海海域搜救困难度研究

为优化海上搜救资源部署、提高救助成功率,结合层次分析法与模糊综合评价法,从海上搜救的自然环境、辖区信息和行动评估3个方面选取11个指标构建海上搜救困难度评价模型,在验证模型可靠性的基础上,首次对渤海海域开展二维搜救困难度评价和研究。使用成功率来表征搜救困难度并进行时空分布特征分析,成功率越低则困难度越高。结果表明：渤海海上搜救成功率全年分布趋势为海岸线周边海域相对较低,渤海中部海域相对较高。整体来看,夏季成功率远高于其他季节,春、秋季次之,冬季最低。冬季辽东湾及秦皇岛沿岸海域成功率为全年和全海域最低。对渤海沿岸港口海域及中部海域各选1个长期观测的站点开展年变化特征分析,发现同一地点的搜救成功率年变化主要受水温影响,证实了冬季是搜救困难度最高的季节。综上所述,冬季渤海沿岸海域,尤其是辽东湾及秦皇岛沿岸海域为高困难度搜救区,需要加大日常巡逻管理,改善搜救系统部署。     

第一次世界大战初期德国东亚驻军跨岛链作战的军事地理分析

就军事地理环境而言,当代中国在海洋方向面临的最主要威胁来自环中国岛链的封锁,研究这一限制性地理环境对准备和实施军事活动的影响与相应对策,具有重要的现实意义。第一次世界大战（简称“一战”）初期,德国东亚驻军进行了跨岛链作战的实践,但在日本海军依托岛链和优势兵力的封锁下,其战略目标未能达成,并且出现了军事地理位置上的优劣转换。本文通过对“一战”初期德国东亚驻军跨岛链作战行动的军事地理分析,尝试提出军事地理研究思路、跨学科融合路径和分析框架。本文分析认为,彼时德占青岛虽然具有良好的战略态势和强大的军事力量,但孤悬海外,且缺乏战略纵深;从宏观的区域尺度分析来看,基地与舰队间的联系被岛链分隔,腹背受敌,军事地理上的劣势凸显。但依托岛链进行封锁,需要集结大量兵力,利用对方边缘区内作战力量相对比较薄弱的有利条件,原本实力较弱的德国东亚舰队取得了重大战果,形成反转式的“核心—边缘”结构。本文为中国的海疆安全和海洋强国建设提出了5条建议。     

报刊语料库在航海英语阅读教学中的应用

以自建航海英语报刊语料库为基础,探讨如何在航海英语阅读教学中利用报刊英语语料库辅助教学,引导学生借助语境共现、词频表和关键词表等来进行英语学习,以达到快速掌握航海英语词汇,提高阅读速度和增强阅读理解能力,培养学生的跨文化交际意识等教学目标。     

Geomorphological characteristics of small debris flows on Junior's Kop,Marion Island,maritime sub ‐ Antarctic

The geomorphological characteristics of small debris flows in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment are described. The morphological and sedimentological characteristics of the debris flows are comparable to debris flows documented for other parts of the world; their initiation appears closely linked to the unusual environment in which they are found. Sediment supply is generated by diurnal frost heave of loamy sediment associated with Azorella selago. The debris flows are triggered by sediment mobilization upon saturation of the frost‐heaved surface gravel and overland flow over the low‐permeability and frost‐susceptible slope materials. Morphological effects of the flows are short‐lived due to obliteration by subsequent frost heave activity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.