松辽盆地油气无机成因与勘探方向

松辽盆地中浅层沉积层勘探已接近饱和,随着油气勘探向深层进军,油气无机成因研究在勘探实践中日益重要。徐家围子深层天然气为典型的无机成因天然气。松辽盆地三肇地区扶、杨油层原油“上生下储”模式的否定,为寻找深部油源提供了可靠的事实依据。古潜山油气藏“新生古储”和“侧向运移”模式的否定,为基岩油气藏无机成因提供了可靠的证据。松辽盆地无机成因油气藏研究需要得到有力的支持和保证,因为基岩油气藏勘探是松辽盆地今后首选勘探目标。     

Strategies for stable attenuation compensation in reverse‐time migration

Attenuation in seismic wave propagation is a common cause for poor illumination of subsurface structures. Attempts to compensate for amplitude loss in seismic images by amplifying the wavefield may boost high‐frequency components, such as noise, and create undesirable imaging artefacts. In this paper, rather than amplifying the wavefield directly, we develop a stable compensation operator using stable division. The operator relies on a constant‐Q wave equation with decoupled fractional Laplacians and compensates for the full attenuation phenomena by performing wave extrapolation twice. This leads to two new imaging conditions to compensate for attenuation in reverse‐time migration. A time‐dependent imaging condition is derived by applying Q‐compensation in the frequency domain, whereas a time‐independent imaging condition is formed in the image space by calculating image normalisation weights. We demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed methods using three synthetic examples. We found that the proposed methods are capable of properly compensating for attenuation without amplifying high‐frequency noise in the data.     

沉积物-水界面污染物迁移扩散的研究进展

污染物在沉积物-水界面的迁移扩散对研究其环境生物地球化学循环过程和评估水生态系统质量具有重要意义.本文回顾了关于沉积物-水界面的基本研究历程,重点介绍沉积物-水界面的垂向结构以及扩散边界层（DBL）的作用,展示污染物在沉积物-水界面的多维度分布（一维垂向、二维平面和三维立体）及其在沉积物-水界面的扩散过程,详细总结影响污染物在沉积物-水界面迁移扩散的环境因素（包括温度、溶解氧或氧化还原条件、pH值、离子强度或盐度、沉积物组成、共存污染物、溶解性有机质、水动力条件、生物扰动、微生物以及其他因素）,讨论当前关于沉积物-水界面污染物扩散通量估算几种方法的优缺点,最后,对沉积物-水界面污染物扩散研究在未来发展需要关注的几个方面进行了展望.     

湖泊沉积物-水界面磷的迁移转化机制与定量研究方法

湖泊磷循环主要指磷在沉积物、上覆水和生物体间的迁移转化,而沉积物-水界面磷的迁移转化作为富营养湖泊磷循环的关键过程,备受关注.本文就国内外研究进展,综述了磷在上覆水、沉积物中的赋存形态和生物有效性,沉积物-水界面磷迁移转化的机制与定量研究方法.探讨沉积物性质、环境因子和生物特性对界面磷迁移的驱动机制,以及磷在浅水湖泊、深水湖泊中迁移转化机制的差异,指出现阶段迁移机制的研究多集中在单因素和定性化方面,而对多因素和定量化的研究还相对缺乏,未来可深入探究多因素耦合作用下磷的迁移规律.分析了野外调查、模拟实验、质量衡算和模型等研究方法的优缺点及适用情况,提出未来可将野外调查、模拟实验和模型法相结合,借助野外调查识别磷的迁移过程,模拟实验验证磷迁移的机制,并以野外调查和模拟实验的数据和结论为基础,构建模型量化具体迁移过程及其对湖泊磷循环的贡献,从而全面认识磷迁移转化规律.最后,提出了未来湖泊沉积物-水界面磷迁移研究需要关注的几个方面.     

Amplitude-compensated Laplacian filtering of reverse time migration and its application

Reverse time migration is an advanced seismic migration imaging method. When the source wavefield and the receiver wavefield are cross-correlated, the cross-correlations of direct arrivals, backscattered waves and overturned waves will produce a lot of low-frequency noise, which will mask the final imaging results. Laplacian filtering, as a common method to suppress low-frequency noise, can adapt to any complex media, just adding a little computational cost. However, simple direct Laplacian filtering will destroy the characteristics of the useful signals. Therefore, the amplitude needs to be compensated before filtering when using the Laplacian filtering method. Zhang and Sun proposed an improved Laplacian filtering method and gave a simple calculation formula and explanation. This method can effectively suppress the low-frequency noise in reverse time migration while retaining the useful signal characteristics, but lacks detailed and strict mathematical derivation. Therefore, this paper gives a detailed and rigorous mathematical derivation of the amplitude-compensated Laplace filtering method from the point of view of amplitude-preserved filtering. The source wavelet is used instead of the source wavefield to compensate amplitude, just adding a little calculation cost. Finally, the amplitude-compensated Laplace filtering method is verified by two theoretical models and compared with the direct Laplacian filtering method.     

Data-driven retrieval of primary plane-wave responses

Seismic images provided by reverse time migration can be contaminated by artefacts associated with the migration of multiples. Multiples can corrupt seismic images, producing both false positives, that is by focusing energy at unphysical interfaces, and false negatives, that is by destructively interfering with primaries. Multiple prediction/primary synthesis methods are usually designed to operate on point source gathers and can therefore be computationally demanding when large problems are considered. A computationally attractive scheme that operates on plane-wave datasets is derived by adapting a data-driven point source gathers method, based on convolutions and cross-correlations of the reflection response with itself, to include plane-wave concepts. As a result, the presented algorithm allows fully data-driven synthesis of primary reflections associated with plane-wave source responses. Once primary plane-wave responses are estimated, they are used for multiple-free imaging via plane-wave reverse time migration. Numerical tests of increasing complexity demonstrate the potential of the proposed algorithm to produce multiple-free images from only a small number of plane-wave datasets.     

Investigating a time‐shift extended imaging condition in a Kirchhoff pre‐stack depth migration algorithm

Extracting true amplitude versus angle common image gathers is one of the key objectives in seismic processing and imaging. This is achievable to different degrees using different migration techniques (e.g., Kirchhoff, wavefield extrapolation, and reverse time migration techniques) and is a common tool in exploration, but the costs can vary depending on the selected migration algorithm and the desired accuracy. Here, we investigate the possibility of combining the local‐shift imaging condition, specifically the time‐shift extended imaging condition, for angle gathers with a Kirchhoff migration. The aims are not to replace the more accurate full‐wavefield migration but to offer a cheaper alternative where ray‐based methods are applicable and to use Kirchhoff time‐lag common image gathers to help bridge the gap between the traditional offset common image gathers and reverse time migration angle gathers; finally, given the higher level of summation inside the extended imaging migration, we wish to understand the impact on the amplitude versus angle response. The implementation of the time‐shift imaging condition along with the computational cost is discussed, and results of four different datasets are presented. The four example datasets, two synthetic, one land acquisition, and a marine dataset, have been migrated using a Kirchhoff offset method, a Kirchhoff time‐shift method, and, for comparison, a reverse time migration algorithm. The results show that the time‐shift imaging condition at zero time lag is equivalent to the full offset stack as expected. The output gathers are cleaner and more consistent in the time‐lag‐derived angle gathers, but the conversion from time lag to angle can be considered a post‐processing step. The main difference arises in the amplitude versus offset/angle distribution where the responses are different and dramatically so for the land data. The results from the synthetics and real data show that a Kirchhoff migration with an extended imaging condition is capable of generating subsurface angle gathers. The same disadvantages with a ray‐based approach will apply using the extended imaging condition relative to a wave equation angle gather solution. Nevertheless, using this approach allows one to explore the relationship between the velocity model and focusing of the reflected energy, to use the Radon transformation to remove noise and multiples, and to generate consistent products from a ray‐based migration and a full‐wave equation migration, which can then be interchanged depending on the process under study.     

共炮检距高斯波束偏移的一种快速实现算法

与共炮高斯波束偏移相比,共炮检距高斯波束偏移具有直接抽取炮检距域共成像点道集的优势.过去,共炮检距高斯波束偏移以损失成像精度的代价采用最速下降法来降低积分的维数,从而提高计算效率.但经过最速下降近似简化的偏移公式仍是频率域的,需要在每个频点进行计算.为此,本文提出一种快速实现算法来避免采用最速下降法.本文通过分析一个水平层状速度模型的偏移过程和Marmousi速度模型的成像结果来检验不同插值方法对快速实现算法的成像精度和计算效率的影响,并建议采用二维三次卷积插值方法.同时本文在Marmousi速度模型下验证了快速实现算法相对于最速下降法在成像精度和计算效率上的优势.此外,本文将采用二维三次卷积插值的快速实现算法应用于Sigsbee2A模型并获得了清晰的盐下图像.     

Elastic wave‐vector decomposition in heterogeneous anisotropic media

The goal of wave‐mode separation and wave‐vector decomposition is to separate a full elastic wavefield into three wavefields with each corresponding to a different wave mode. This allows elastic reverse‐time migration to handle each wave mode independently. Several of the previously proposed methods to accomplish this task require the knowledge of the polarisation vectors of all three wave modes in a given anisotropic medium. We propose a wave‐vector decomposition method where the wavefield is decomposed in the wavenumber domain via the analytical decomposition operator with improved computational efficiency using low‐rank approximations. The method is applicable for general heterogeneous anisotropic media. To apply the proposed method in low‐symmetry anisotropic media such as orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic, we define the two S modes by sorting them based on their phase velocities (S1 and S2), which are defined everywhere except at the singularities. The singularities can be located using an analytical condition derived from the exact phase‐velocity expressions for S waves. This condition defines a weight function, which can be applied to attenuate the planar artefacts caused by the local discontinuity of polarisation vectors at the singularities. The amplitude information lost because of weighting can be recovered using the technique of local signal–noise orthogonalisation. Numerical examples show that the proposed approach provides an effective decomposition method for all wave modes in heterogeneous, strongly anisotropic media.     

Upstream perturbation and floodplain formation effects on chute-cutoff-dominated meandering river pattern and dynamics

A sustained dynamic inflow perturbation and bar–floodplain conversion are considered crucial to dynamic meandering. Past experiments, one-dimensional modelling and linear theory have demonstrated that the initiation and persistence of dynamic meandering require a periodic transverse motion of the inflow. However, it remains unknown whether the period of the inflow perturbation affects self-formed meander dynamics. Here, we numerically study the effect of the inflow perturbation period on the development and meander dynamics of a chute-cutoff-dominated river, which requires two-dimensional modelling with vegetation forming floodplain on bars. We extended the morphodynamic model Nays2D with growth and mortality rules of vegetation to allow for meandering. We tested the effect of a transversely migrating inflow boundary by varying the perturbation period between runs over an order of magnitude around typical modelled meander periods. Following the cutoff cascade after initial meander formation from a straight channel, all runs with sufficient vegetation show series of growing meanders terminated by chute cutoffs. This generates an intricate channel belt topography with point bar complexes truncated by chutes, oxbow lakes, and scroll-bar-related vegetation age patterns. The sinuosity, braiding index and meander period, which emerge from the inherent biomorphological feedback loops, are unrelated to the inflow perturbation period, although the spin-up to dynamic equilibrium takes a longer time and distance for weak and absent inflow perturbations. This explains why, in previous experimental studies, dynamic meandering was only accomplished with a sustained upstream perturbation in flumes that were short relative to the meander wavelength. Our modelling of self-formed meander patterns is evidence that scroll-bar-dominated and chute-cutoff-dominated meanders develop from downstream convecting instabilities. This insight extends to many more fluvial, estuarine and coastal systems in morphological models and experiments, which require sustained dynamic perturbations to form complex patterns and develop natural dynamics. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.