Internationalization of knowledge-intensive SMEs: The case of petroleum-related suppliers

Carlsson, E. & Dale, B. 2011. Internationalization of knowledge-intensive SMEs: The case of petroleum-related suppliers. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography Vol. 65, 191–201. ISSN 0029-1951.

The internationalization of the knowledge-intensive industries, which predominantly consist of SMEs, has received increased attention recently. However, the existing body of theories of internationalization is not adequate for our understanding of multifaceted knowledge-intensive industries. The authors aim to shed light on knowledge-intensive SMEs’ internationalization and thereafter to illuminate recent theories with a relational perspective on firms and discuss their fruitfulness regarding the internationalization of SMEs of this type. Empirical data are drawn from a case study of 10 Norwegian firms, located in Trondheim, that are connected to the petroleum industry through subcontracting technology and services. The study indicates that the firms based their internationalization processes on a complex mix of modes or strategies, none of which were mutually exclusive. Planned strategies as well as coincidental processes and events seem to have influenced the internationalization decisions. It is argued that in order to understand the contingencies that may affect the process of internationalization, the concept of ‘preactivity’ may be a useful addition to the more well-known concepts of ‘reactive’ and ‘proactive’ strategies. Moreover, it is demonstrated that a relational approach is fruitful in order to understand internationalization processes among knowledge-intensive SMEs.     

机场周边地区生产性服务业与制造业空间布局特征——以首都机场为例

空港经济对推动城市产业空间调整和城市经济转型具有重要意义。以首都机场为例,运用Ripley’s K函数及核密度估计法分析机场周边地区生产性服务业与制造业的空间布局特征。生产性服务业和制造业的区位布局均呈现出明显的向心性,其中,物流业、制造业和金融业的向心性最强。生产性服务业和制造业空间集聚强度呈先增后减的倒"U"型特征,生产性服务业企业集聚强度明显高于制造业企业集聚强度,不同行业企业空间区位选择距离阈值存在差异。不同行业空间分异特征显著,集聚模式不同。制造业呈"大分散、大集聚"模式;商务服务业、科技服务业、信息服务业及物流业呈"小分散、大集聚"模式;金融业呈"大分散、小集聚"模式。城市主要交通干线附近及成熟的产业园区是生产性服务业与制造业主要集聚地,信息服务业、商务服务业以及科技服务业的区位选择具有较强一致性。     

湛江市中小企业治理现状分析

采用问卷方法调查湛江市中小企业的治理状况,分析湛江市中小企业治理模式的选择原因,并为提高中小企业治理水平提出建议。湛江市中小企业的治理结构以高度集中的家族治理为特征。中小企业选择家族治理的原因在于对财产权、经营权控制的考虑以及经营风险和交易成本的考虑。加强治理文化建设,改善治理环境,完善职业经理人市场,逐步引导中小企业治理从家族治理向外部专业化治理转化,有助于湛江市中小企业的发展。     

中国电子信息制造业时空格局演化及影响因素

为探究后经济危机时期中国电子信息制造业的时空变化及其影响因素,基于基尼系数、空间相关性分析、负二项回归模型等方法,采用天眼查企业数据库以及相关城市统计年鉴数据,对2009－2018年中国电子信息制造业时空格局演化及影响因素进行分析,结果表明：1）中国电子信息制造业稳步发展,由出口导向转为内需拉动。2）企业主要集中在珠三角、长三角地区,长江中游城市群蓄势待发,中部及川渝地区的城市发展迅猛而东北地区陷入发展困境,企业空间分布存在显著的空间正相关关系。3）深圳、东莞等城市一直为产业重要集聚区,城市两级分化严重。3）总体上,企业更倾向于选址在产业协同集聚程度高、创新能力强、劳动力成本较高而经济后发城市;在城市群尺度,不同因素对不同城市群存在异质性,反映产业发展水平、特点存在很大差异,长三角企业偏好创新能力高、产业市场化水平高且交通基础设施完善的城市,珠三角企业偏好劳动力成本高的城市,京津冀城市偏好劳动力成本高且交通基础设施完善的城市,成渝地区企业偏好产业市场化水平高且创新能力弱的后发城市,长江中游城市偏好劳动力成本高的后发城市。     

省际人口迁移与制造业转移空间交互响应研究

基于2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年人口普查与1%人口抽样调查数据以及相关年度制造业统计数据,利用重心模型和地理探测器对2000年以来的不同类型制造业转移空间格局、人口流动空间格局及其二者相互作用关系进行分析。研究发现： 2000年以来特别是2005年之后中国制造业呈现出明显转移态势,但不同类型制造业转移幅度和空间区域具有明显差异,能源密集型、技术密集型、资本密集型制造业由东部向中西部转移的空间区域大,劳动密集型产业转移空间还十分有限,仍集中于东部地区。 虽然人口迁移的整体格局变化不大,仍是“中间低、周边高”的格局,但是人口迁移的空间特征正在趋于弱化,中西部地区分享的迁入人口份额在不断提高。 制造业重心与人口迁移重心变动轨迹呈现出“偏离-趋同”关系,人口迁移滞后于产业转移的效应已逐渐消失,人口与产业的空间匹配程度趋于提高。 地理探测器定量识别人口迁移与制造业转移之间的空间关系发现,人口迁移格局变化对制造业空间转移的响应程度较制造业转移对人口迁移格局变化的响应程度高。     

The differentiated impact of emissions trading system based on company size

Most countries implementing an emissions trading system (ETS), such as EU member states, California in the US, or South Korea, are generally targeting large sized companies, which consume energy above a specific threshold. However, previous studies using computable general equilibrium (CGE) models have analyzed climate policies without considering company size. This may have led to inaccurate results because the impacts of climate policy would differ depending on the coverage of regulated companies. Accordingly, this study examines the environmental and economic impacts of greenhouse gas emission reduction policies, assuming policy results vary by firm size, as covered by the Korean emission trading system. To this end, a CGE model with a separate social accounting matrix based on company size is used to compare three scenarios that reflect different types of carbon pricing methods. The results show that greenhouse gases will be reduced to a lower extent and utility will decrease more if mitigation policies are only imposed to large companies.

Key policy insights

• Carbon pricing policies should consider the different impacts on companies of different sizes and industry sectors.

• Without considering the different sizes of companies covered by an ETS, the expected carbon price and its economic impact will be underestimated.

• Small and medium-sized companies will face more negative impacts than large companies in some industry sectors under an ETS, even if the mitigation burden is only faced by large companies.

     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.     

Getting Globalized: Urban Policy and Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg,Brooklyn

We hypothesize that as the "global city" label becomes ever more central to a city's identity, local urban government policy increasingly supports those economic sectors that city leaders see as being congruent with the global and increasingly undermines sectors that serve primarily local markets. Through an in-depth study of small-scale manufacturers in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, in New York City, we examine the extent to which and the ways in which local policy undermines otherwise healthy locally oriented businesses. We find that the City's assumption that urban manufacturing is a dying breed becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, largely via the City's own treatment of its manufacturing businesses. Through a lack of enforcement of zoning codes, zoning variances and rezoning initiatives, and more quotidian policies of harassment over noise and other quality of life complaints, the City is making it more difficult to do business for small-scale manufacturers. These policies then create a conventional wisdom that sees the City as a difficult place to start and grow a business.     

基于空间杜宾模型的山东省制造业时空分异研究

利用2003~2014年山东省17个地级市制造业27个部门的面板数据,研究了山东省制造业的时空分异特征,并基于空间杜宾模型（SDM）探讨了主要的影响因素,结果发现：山东省制造业份额呈现出自东向西递减、先东部集聚后向中西部扩散的规律。以2007年为转折点,制造业呈现东部沿海转出、内陆转入的特点,鲁北地区成为份额增长最快的区域。由于空间溢出效应的存在,市场规模、交通基础设施、产业规模和人力资本水平均有助于提升本地区制造业份额。因此,应该从地区关联的角度重新审视制造业发展规律并制定相应政策措施。