海洋科技中小企业技术创新研究及策略——以上海市为例

21世纪是海洋的世纪,海洋经济发展与海洋科技创新紧密相联,创新的本质是技术创新。文章结合文献总结法、企业访谈法和会议研讨交流等方法,对海洋科技中小企业的概念进行了界定;并通过研究海洋产业发展现状以及海洋科技中小企业的技术创新现状,发现海洋科技中小企业技术创新发展存在的问题;最后,根据实际问题提出建立海洋科技园区,带动海洋科技中小企业快速发展;政府做好海洋产业引导,加快海洋科技创新步伐;政府适当减免企业税收,鼓励中小企业技术创新;企业应当将财务分类系统化,减少财务混乱现象等对策建议。     

越南工业区空间格局及产业发展特征

工业区是越南经济增长的主要阵地,也是中越共建“一带一路”和深度实施产能合作的关键载体。通过收集和整理越南工业区基础数据,采用GIS、SPSS分析技术,运用核密度分析、探索性空间数据分析、相关性分析等分析方法,分析了越南工业区空间分布特征以及产业集聚特征,并探究其形成机制。结果表明：1）越南工业区呈现出显著的空间极化,两翼集聚,中间凹陷的分布格局。2）越南工业区空间分布呈现区域交通导向和社会经济发展导向,历史缘由、自然地形、宏观指引、区域交通设施、社会经济条件是影响越南工业区空间分布的主要原因。3）越南工业区产业呈现南翼以轻工业为主导,北翼以加工型重工业为主导,中部以采掘型、原料加工型重工业为主导的分布特征。4）越南工业化起步晚、水平低,是形成以劳动密集型产业为主导的主要原因;南北分治、政府宏观引导,是造成南翼、北翼、中部产业格局差异的主要原因。     

1949年以来中国西部大城市制造业企业迁移特征、模式及机制——以兰州市为例

企业迁移研究是经济地理学的重要论题之一,是一种从微观个体出发理解产业空间格局演变及其形成机制的重要视角。利用兰州市制造业企业迁移信息,从迁移规模、方式、距离及迁移跨度4个方面对城市制造业企业空间位移特征进行分析,一定程度上揭示了新中国成立以来,中国西部大城市制造业企业迁移的模式、路径及其形成机制。案例分析表明：中国西部大城市制造业企业迁移模式由计划经济时期单一行政主导的＂梯度式＂迁移模式向市场经济体制时期企业自主选择的＂渐进式＂迁移与政府先行主导的＂跳跃式＂迁移相结合的模式过渡,大体上经历了向心式集中迁移、中心-外围互迁、外向型跨越式迁移3个阶段。研究还表明,经济体制转型、地方政府自主经营权下放等宏观环境变化,地方政策影响下的旧城更新、开发区建设、城市内外交通设施改善,企业自身由于外部环境变化和内在扩张需求等诸多因素相互组合及综合作用,在一定程度上共同推动了中国西部大城市制造业企业的空间迁移活动。     

中国装备制造业的空间枢纽—网络结构

借助连锁网络模型和复杂网络理论,基于2014年中国装备制造业企业的地理分布情况,分析城市空间组织关系。研究发现,全国各地城市呈现一种枢纽—网络结构。全国范围来看,北京为全国性枢纽城市,上海、深圳、重庆等城市为地区性枢纽城市,且枢纽城市之间以北京与深圳的城际连接最为密切,西北地区和西南地区的大部分城市在网络中连接程度相对较低。基于行业的子网络进行比较发现,不同行业在网络规模、枢纽城市和网络密度等方面都存在显著的差异,证实了城市空间组织的枢纽—网络结构具有多中心性和多样性的特点。运用复杂网络理论进行蓄意攻击实验发现,删除枢纽城市的腹地城市后其网络连通度基本不受影响,但删除其非腹地城市后网络联通度下降非常明显,说明空间距离对枢纽与节点连通的限制越来越弱,这与中心—腹地结构中的情形有着明显的区别。     

Business networks and the competitiveness of small manufacturing firms in Sweden's northern periphery

The establishment of inter-firm networks is a key resource for the competitiveness of small firms. The literature on small firm networking stresses the importance of building a balanced network of regional and extra-regional networks in order to engender optimal levels of firm performance. In peripheral regions, the academic debate is focused on understanding how geographical remoteness affects the spatial orientation of networks of small firms. Based on the analysis of survey responses and financial accounts of 26 small manufacturing firms located in Sweden's northern periphery, the study investigates how the spatial configuration of networks, and particularly their regional and international components, is related to other aspects of the firms, such as geographical location or level of performance. The study shows that increased geographical remoteness tends to promote the establishment of international relations instead of hindering them and that peripheral small firms able to penetrate international markets tend to achieve higher levels of productivity. The subsequent discussion stresses the need to rethink the spatiality of policies promoting small firm networks, from a locally-bound to a more diversified, internationalised one.     

The Australian clothing industry: competition,productivity and scale

There has been substantial change in the Australian clothing industry over the last 20 years. Forms of restructuring in the industry include both the re‐emergence of outworking and subcontracting, and locational changes (decline in inner metropolitan areas, perhaps offset by outworking, but relative growth in other regions). The total turnover has slightly increased whereas employment has declined sharply. The changes in employment and output have led to major growth in labour productivity and in capital intensity. Yet labour productivity growth may not be the outcome of significant technical change: productivity growth is sometimes the result of plant closure; the formal social relations of outworking may permit plants to capture some of the profits produced by subcontractors. In any event, there is no evidence of improvements in total factor productivity in the clothing industry. Despite popular conceptions, the clothing industry has been able to achieve high rates of profit. Thus, the prices charged by the clothing industry have exceeded those needed to earn an average rate of return. But that rate of profit produces only small quantities of profit in its typical small plants. The general problem of the clothing industry is the very small scale of the most plants, resulting in lack of income for enterprises and of funds for new investment. The issue, then, is more complex than simply costs and international competition: it is more a question of investment dynamics and scale.