塔里木河流域干旱区棉田土壤呼吸的温度敏感性研究

利用阿克苏绿洲农田试验站连续测定的棉田土壤呼吸值及同步测定的土壤温度与湿度数据, 构建通用的土壤呼吸温度敏感性模型. 结合构建的模型, 对5个常用的土壤呼吸温度模型所模拟的研究区的土壤呼吸变化的温度敏感性进行评析. 结果表明: Arrhenius模型能较好的预测研究区的土壤呼吸温度敏感性的变化; 研究区土壤呼吸温度敏感性随温度的升高呈下降的趋势. 两类试验样地土壤呼吸温度敏感性存在明显的差异性, 这可能与两类试验样地土壤呼吸组分的差异有关, 这是以后需要重点关注的地方.     

基于人地关系理论的河南省主体功能区规划研究

以人地关系理论分析为基本切入点,通过对人地关系地域系统演化的历史剖析,探讨形成主体功能区的时代背景和现实意义.从规划的政治经济和科学发展等不同层面分析了主体功能区构建的实践价值.结合河南人地关系发展现状,以构建和谐的人地关系为目标,对河南省主体功能区进行了研究,对河南省主体功能区划分的基本构思进行了介绍.最后,对目前进行的主体功能区划若干问题进行了探讨.     

中国冰川系统对气候变化响应的敏感性分析

Data of 44 glacier systems in China used in this paper were obtained from Chinese Glacier Inventories and the meteorological data were got from Meteorological Atlas of Plateau of west China. Based on the statistical analysis and functional model simulation results of the 44 glacier systems in China, the glacier systems were divided into extremely-sensitive glacier system, semi-sensitive glacier system, extremely-steady glacier system and semi-steady glacier system in terms of glacier system＇s level of water-energy exchange, rising gradient of the equilibrium line altitudes and retreating rate of area to climate warming, their median size and vertical span distribution, and their runoff characteristics to climate warming. Furthermore the functional model of glacier system to climate warming was applied in this paper to predict the average variation trends of the 4 types of glacier systems, which indicate that different sensitivity types of glacier systems respond to the climate warming differently.     

Radial Basis Functional Link Nets Used as a Prospectivity Mapping Tool for Orogenic Gold Deposits Within the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, Northern Fennoscandian Shield

Among the more popular spatial modeling techniques, artificial neural networks (ANN) are tools that can deal with non-linear relationships, can classify unknown data into categories by using known examples for training, and can deal with uncertainty; characteristics that provide new possibilities for data exploration. Radial basis functional link nets (RBFLN), a form of ANN, are applied to generate a series of prospectivity maps for orogenic gold deposits within the Paleoproterozoic Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, Northern Fennoscandian Shield, Finland, which is considered highly prospective yet clearly under explored. The supervised RBFLN performs better than previously applied statistical weights-of-evidence or conceptual fuzzy logic methods, and equal to logistic regression method, when applied to the same geophysical and geochemical data layers that are proxies for conceptual geological controls. By weighting the training feature vectors in terms of the size of the gold deposits, the classification of the neural network results provides an improved prediction of the distribution of the more important deposits/occurrences. Thus, ANN, more specifically RBFLN, potentially provide a better tool to other methodologies in the development of prospectivity maps for mineral deposits, hence aiding conceptual exploration.     

Responses of Fragilarioid-dominated diatom assemblages in a small Arctic lake to Holocene climatic changes, Russell Island, Nunavut, Canada

We present a paleolimnological record spanning the Holocene from a small lake on Russell Island (Lake PW02), in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago (74.07° N, 97.77° W, 182 m asl). Fragilarioid diatom types in the genera Pseudostaurosira, Staurosira and Staurosirella constitute >90% of valves in fossil samples. Using modern biogeographic data which specify the temperature optima of the Fragilarioid diatom taxa, we present new inferences about the timing of paleoclimatic changes in the central Arctic islands. The early Holocene was characterized by maximum values for sediment organic matter, and lower ratios of Staurosirella pinnata to Staurosira construens v. venter, suggesting warm summer air temperatures between about 9500−6500 cal year BP. Influxes of biogenic silica and diatom valves decreased following 4000 cal year BP, the sediment accumulation rate slowed and diatom taxa of the littoral zone diversified, suggesting cooler summers and more persistent lake ice. Variations in the species composition of the assemblages indicate paleoclimatic changes that are in broad agreement with other paleoenvironmental records from the Arctic including melt records from the Agassiz Ice Cap. Although autecological data remain incomplete for Fragilarioid taxa, our results indicate differences in these taxa in responses to paleoenvironmental change and underline the potential for the increased use of these taxa in paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The record from Lake PW02, as in other records from Arctic lakes with low algal diversity throughout the Holocene, shows a pronounced increase in diatom diversity since the 1920s, and diatom production since the 1970s far exceeds any recorded during the Holocene.     

1988 年以来北京郊区城乡一体化进程及启示

北京城郊农业区在不同时期因产业化、城市化的不同而承担着不同的发展目标, 其城乡一体化的进程及空间格局也出现了差异。本文运用历史沿革分析和数理分析方法对城乡一体化的功能结构及空间分布进行了研究, 结果表明:自1988 年以来, 处于近郊至远郊内缘的农业区(23~57 km处)的产业化、城市化分别出现了辐射式→飞地式、等级转移式→团块+扇状式+辐射式的空间发展;不同时期生态、经济、社会功能的组合和实现情况各有侧重, 多功能评价值相应地在“W”、“M”型空间格局之间转变。总体上, 北京郊区农业区的城乡功能及其综合效益都在增强, 但相对而言经济功能的作用在降低, 生态、景观功能在上升, 社会功能存在波动但总体趋强, 城乡功能的空间布局更加复杂, 而且这种发展态势直接影响着北京“十二五”期间多层次、多中心的城乡一体化建设。     

季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程及水分变化

利用黑龙江省水利科学研究院水利试验研究中心综合实验观测场2011年11月-2012年4月整个冻结融化期的实测野外黑土耕层土壤温度和水分数据, 对中-深季节冻土区黑土耕层土壤冻融过程中冻结和融化特征分阴、阳坡进行了分析, 研究了冻融过程中不同深度土壤水分的变化情况, 并探讨了降水对不同深度耕层土壤含水量变化的影响. 结果表明:黑土耕层土壤冻结融化过程分为5个阶段, 历时164 d, 约5.5个月. 阶段I, 秋末冬初黑土耕层土壤开始步入冻结期; 阶段II, 黑土耕层土壤整日处于冻结状态, 阴坡比同样深度的阳坡土壤温度低; 阶段III为黑土耕层土壤稳定冻结期; 阶段IV, 黑土耕层土壤步入昼融夜冻的日循环交替状态, 冻融循环的土层逐渐向深部发展, 阳坡比阴坡融化得更深、更早, 阴坡比阳坡经历冻融循环次数更多; 阶段V为稳定融化期, 在融化过程不存在冻融交替的现象, 直到整个冻层内的土壤全部消融. 各深度位置阴坡土壤温度的最高值出现时间比阳坡晚约0.5 h. 经过整个冻结融化期后, 阴、阳坡各层土壤含水量均大于冻结前, 阴坡土壤含水量比阳坡整体偏低. 在整个冻结融化期, 阳坡地下1 cm、5 cm、10 cm 及15 cm处含水量最大值出现在地下5 cm; 阴坡的含水量整体趋于平稳且在融化期受降水影响明显.     

黄河源区玛多县沙漠化成因与发展过程

通过分析黄河源区玛多县沙漠化的成因和过程,结果表明,玛多县沙漠化成因类型有三种,分别为固定沙丘/古沙丘活化、滑塌陡坎及风蚀斑块,其形成都与多年冻土退化相关.在固定沙丘或古沙丘分布区,冻土退化导致热融沉陷,形成沉陷坑,沉陷坑边缘形成拉裂缝或陡坎,使下伏松散沙露出.在斜坡上,冻土退化形成滑塌陡坎,使底层土壤从侧面暴露.在平坦的冲积平原,差异性冻胀和融沉导致草皮拉裂,形成积水坑洼,冻土退化导致土壤变干,土壤的底层暴露.下伏风成沉积物暴露后,遭受风蚀,形成侧向凹槽,致使上部土体坍塌,使更多的风成沉积物暴露,这些过程的不断重复,使风蚀坑、陡坎、风蚀斑块扩大相连,最终形成流动沙丘、风蚀劣地、戈壁等地貌.     

华庆地区长63段低渗储层特征及优质储层主控因素

综合运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析、压汞分析及试油分析等技术方法,对华庆地区长6₃段低渗储层特征进行了系统研究,分析了低渗储层的成因,并探讨了优质储层的主控因素。结果表明,华庆地区长6₃段储层的厚层块状砂岩主要由具有液化流性质的砂质碎屑流沉积形成的相对较厚块状砂岩纵向叠置组成。岩石类型主要为长石砂岩,其次为岩屑长石砂岩;储层具有低孔特低孔-特低渗透超低渗透特征;储集空间主要包括粒间原生孔隙、次生溶蚀孔隙及晶间微孔隙,为小孔微细喉型孔隙结构。杂基含量高、成分成熟度和结构成熟度差是华庆地区长6₃低渗储层形成的主控因素,压实作用对其形成起到强化作用。沉积鼎盛时期水动力强的主力沉积期次,形成泥质含量较低的砂岩是优质储层形成的主控因素,而较大的储层厚度是优质储层形成的必要条件。     

冻融循环条件下生境基材中三种功能微生物数量变化规律研究

为揭示高寒地区典型生境基材中功能微生物数量变化的规律,以黄棕壤土为试验土样,在两种初始含水率条件下,分别制备客土、植被混凝土以及加菌植被混凝土三种不同类型的生境基材进行冻融循环模拟试验,探讨生境基材类型、初始含水率和冻融循环次数对基材中功能微生物数量的影响。试验结果显示：三种基材中功能微生物数量均受冻融循环影响显著,且随冻融循环次数增加总体呈"下降~上升~下降"趋势;冻融循环过程中,三种基材中功能微生物总量存在显著性差异,排序为：加菌植被混凝土 > 植被混凝土 > 客土,且固氮、解钾微生物数量显著低于解磷微生物;含水率为22%的基材中功能微生物总量普遍高于含水率为18%的基材。研究结果表明,加菌植被混凝土的肥力、抗冻性相比客土和植被混凝土有一定程度提升,但仍需对现有功能菌剂配方加以改进,以适应高寒地区冻融环境。