Germanium in Magnetite: A Preliminary Review

Magnetite is a very common mineral in various types of iron deposits and some sulfide deposits. Recent studies have focused on the use of trace elements in magnetite to discriminate ore types or trace ore-forming process. Germanium is a disperse element in the crust, but sometimes is not rare in magnetite. Germanium in magnetite can be determined by laser ablation ICP-MS due to its low detection limit (0.0X ppm). In this study, we summary the Ge data of magnetite from magmatic deposits, iron formations, skarn deposits, iron oxide copper-gold deposits, and igneous derived hydrothermal deposits. Magnetite from iron formations contains relatively high Ge (up to ~250 ppm), whereas those from all other deposits mostly contains Ge less than 10 ppm, indicating that iron formations can be discriminated from other Fe deposits by Ge contents. Germanium in magmatic/hydrothermal magnetite is controlled by a few factors. Primary magma/fluid composition may be the major control of Ge in magnetite. Higher oxygen fugacity may be beneficial to Ge partition into magnetite. Sulfur fugacity and temperature may have little effect on Ge in magnetite. The enrichment mechanism of Ge in magnetite from iron formations remains unknown due to the complex ore genesis. Germanium along with other elements (Mn, Ni, Ga) and element ratios (Ge/Ga and Ge/Si raios) can distinguish different types of deposits, indicating that Ge can be used as a discriminate factor like Ti and V. Because of the availability of in situ analytical technique like laser ablation ICP-MS, in situ Ge/Si ratio of magnetite can serve as a geochemical tracer and may provide new constraints on the genesis of banded iron formations.     

Redox and nonredox reactions of magnetite and hematite in rocks

Redox and nonredox reactions causing pseudomorphic replacement of hematite by magnetite and magnetite by hematite are compared.Pseudomorphic replacements resulting from redox reactions are known as martitization [replacement of magnetite by hematite due to oxidation; reaction (1)] and mushketovitization [replacement of hematite by magnetite due to reduction; reaction (2)]. These two replacements cause characteristic ore textures and volume changes (reaction (1): increase of 1.66%; reaction (2): decrease of 1.64%). These small volume changes are the reason that martitization and mushketovitization are widespread in many rocks under condition, however, that oxidizing or reducing fluids (solutions) are present.The same initial and end products may also be involved in nonredox reactions. Reaction (3) is the replacement of hematite by magnetite due to simple addition of Fe²⁺ atoms under basic conditions. This reaction causes an increase of the volume of 47.6%. Reaction (4), causing a volume decrease of 32.2%, is the replacement of magnetite by hematite due to leaching of Fe²⁺ atoms under acidic conditions. From these volume changes it is concluded that reaction (4) may occur in many rock types, whereas reaction (3) is restricted to unlithified sediments only. However, ore textures caused by nonredox reactions are unknown and therefore their occurrence in rocks is hypothetical.     

河南省铁山庙式铁矿床的形成过程与"二铁"矿床氧化作用特征

河南省铁山庙式铁矿床为沉积变质矿床,总储量达数亿t,矿石类型为磁铁矿、赤铁矿型。为了研究矿床氧化带的分布规律,指导采矿、选矿工作的顺利开展,对“二铁”矿床进行了现场踏勘、取样测试,结合有关资料比较系统地研究了河南省铁山庙式铁矿床氧化带的分布,以及对采选工作的影响,探讨了铁矿的形成过程和不同地质时期的氧化作用。结果表明,氧化矿硬度变低、密度变小、易于开采;氧化带东厚西薄、东深西浅;氧化矿与原生矿呈上下交叉、水平交叉出现;氧化带的分布与现代地形无关,仅与古地形有关。     

山东省齐河-禹城地区矽卡岩型铁矿磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及其对成矿作用的指示意义

山东省齐河-禹城地区在黄河北厚覆盖区,有明显的航磁异常和重力异常,通过系统的地质勘探工作,在深部揭露了多处铁矿床,为系统掌握研究区磁铁矿成因机制,服务于基础地质和矿产资源调查,利用EMPA对磁铁矿进行主量元素分析,以确定其成因及成矿环境特征.其中TiO2-Al2O3-MgO和(Ca十Al十Mn)-(Ti十V)成因判别图...     

新疆西天山备战基性-超基性岩矿物地球化学研究及其对铁成矿作用的制约

文章对备战铁矿区内的基性-超基性岩、中基性岩脉、矿体围岩和铁矿石中的辉石、橄榄石、金云母、铁钛氧化物进行了电子探针分析与显微特征研究。金云母辉石橄榄岩中辉石的化学成分在w(SiO₂)-w(Al₂O₃)图中均落于亚碱性系列区域,在w(Al₂O₃)-w(Na₂O)-w(TiO₂)图中,辉石主要落在拉斑玄武岩系列区域,表明该区岩浆经历了拉斑玄武岩系列演化。备战金云母辉石橄榄岩中橄榄石的w(FeO)较低,介于19.22%～23.79%,w(MgO)较高,介于37.35%～41.30%,Fo变化介于0.74～0.79,属于贵橄榄石。橄榄石中较低的w(FeO)表明其形成于较高的氧逸度环境,而岩浆的拉斑玄武岩系列演化一般发生于低氧逸度条件,综合分析岩浆经历了从低氧逸度到高氧逸度变化的过程。随着岩浆的演化,橄榄石Fo与w(Ni)由负相关变为正相关又变为负相关关系,其中负相关关系表明在岩浆演化过程中橄榄石与粒间硫化物熔浆发生过Ni-Fe交换反应,从另一...     

内蒙古北山额济纳旗小红山钒钛磁铁矿床SHRIMP锆石 U-Pb定年及其意义

小红山钒钛磁铁矿床是近年内蒙古北山地区新发现的一个中型钒钛磁铁矿床,含矿辉长岩体侵位于蓟县系平头山组,岩体具全岩矿化,工业矿体主要赋存于中粗粒辉长岩中。采用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年方法对小红山中粗粒辉长岩体进行了年代学研究,获得该岩体的锆石微区原位SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为424±6Ma,表明小红山钒钛磁铁矿成岩成矿事件发生于中志留世。该时期钒钛磁铁矿床的发现,揭示了北山地区早古生代处于陆缘裂谷环境,这对研究和认识北山地区地质构造演化及开展岩浆矿床找矿具有重要意义。     

CSAMT法张量与标量测量在已知铁矿区上的对比试验

在安徽省两个已知磁铁矿区上进行了可控源音频大地电磁法( CSAMT)张量测量与标量测量的对比试验,根据已知地质勘探剖面进行了应用效果的对比工作。试验结果表明,在一维层状电性结构条件下,张量测量与标量测量的找矿效果相近;在电性结构复杂情况下,张量测量的找矿效果优于标量测量结果。同时,指出可CSAMT法张量测量工作需进一步探讨和亟待研究的一些问题。     

大别山霓辉花岗片麻岩中磁铁矿的形成

大别山含霓辉碱性花岗片麻岩主要表现为超高压榴辉岩相变质之后的退变质组合,具有特征的浅色体、暗色体两部分,在浅色体中含有磁铁矿自形晶。而且,随着后期变形-变质改造程度的增大,可以形成碱长片麻岩、甚至石榴云母片岩,这种变化同时表现在矿物组合和多种矿物的成分方面:霓辉石趋于消失、斜长石An牌号逐步升高、云母和磷灰石的成分逐渐调整。榴辉岩相花岗片麻岩的退变至少可划分出两个阶段:早期"干"退变形成霓辉石和随后磁铁矿的产出,磁铁矿的形成与相对弱应变体系中特殊的流体成分造成的退变改造有关,随着变形强度的增大和以水为主的流体挥发分的介入,逐步形成普通的云母片岩。     

四川攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿床Fe同位素特征及其成因指示意义

本文系统研究了四川攀枝花含钒钛磁铁矿层状岩体全岩和矿石矿物磁铁矿的Fe同位素组成特征.研究获得全岩δ57Fe的范围为0.02‰~0.25‰,平均值为0.17‰,磁铁矿的δ57Fe范围为0.05‰~0.61‰,平均值为0.36‰.相对于磁铁矿单矿物,全岩Fe同位素组成变化不大.相对于全岩,磁铁矿具有相对重的Fe同位素组成,并且其相对偏重程度与样品中磁铁矿的含量呈反相关关系.磁铁矿 Fe 同位素组成与形成环境氧逸度之间的负相关关系表明磁铁矿从岩浆中结晶出来之后没有发生重力分异,赋存于岩体和矿体中的磁铁矿是原位结晶的.磁铁矿的 Fe 同位素特征表明攀枝花岩体是多次岩浆补充和分离结晶共同作用的结果:形成下部岩相带过程中,玄武质岩浆补充频繁,形成巨厚的块状磁铁矿层,其中的磁铁矿的δ57Fe 值变化较小;而形成中部岩相带过程中,玄武质岩浆补充的频率逐渐降低,形成多个旋回以及交替产生的磁铁辉长岩和辉长岩.同时,形成攀枝花岩体和矿体的初始岩浆的氧逸度很高,在高氧逸度环境下富集成矿,演化过程中岩浆体系氧逸度逐渐降低,很好地解释了攀枝花 V-Ti 磁铁矿主矿体赋存在含矿岩体下部的辉长岩中的成矿机制.     

河南省镇平县郭岗铁矿床地质特征及成因分析

郭岗铁矿位于南秦岭褶皱带东段,属于隐伏型铁矿床.目前已发现的2个工业铁矿体Ⅰ和Ⅱ呈层状或似层状产出,垂向相距约25 m,赋矿围岩为泥盆系南湾组.矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿,矿石构造为块状和条带状构造等.矿床具典型的地层控制特征.微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征均揭示其盆地沉积属于活动陆缘沉积,稀土元素地球化学特征还证明含矿物质主要来源于华北板块上地壳.郭岗铁矿床成因属于沉积变质型铁矿床.