Petrological and Geochemical Constraints on the Protoliths of Serpentine‐Magnetite Ores in the Zhaoanzhuang Iron Deposit,Southern North China Craton

The uncommon Mg-rich and Ti-poor Zhaoanzhuang serpentine-magnetite ores within Taihua Group of the North China Craton(NCC) remain unclear whether the protolith was sourced from ultramafic rocks or chemical sedimentary sequences. Here we present integrated petrographic and geochemical studies to characterize the protoliths and to gain insights on the ore-forming processes. Iron ores mainly contain low-Ti magnetite(TiO_2 ~0.1 wt%) and serpentine(Mg#=92.42–96.55), as well as residual olivine(Fo=89–90), orthopyroxene(En=89–90) and hornblende. Magnetite in the iron ores shows lower Al, Sc, Ti, Cr, Zn relative to that from ultramafic Fe-Ti-V iron ores, but similar to that from metamorphic chemical sedimentary iron deposit. In addition, interstitial minerals of dolomite, calcite, apatite and anhydrite are intergrown with magnetite and serpentine, revealing they were metamorphic, but not magmatic or late hydrothermal minerals. Wall rocks principally contain magnesian silicates of olivine(Fo=83–87), orthopyroxene(En=82–86), humite(Mg#=82–84) and hornblende [XMg=0.87–0.96]. Dolomite, apatite and anhydrite together with minor magnetite, thorianite(Th-rich oxide) and monazite(LREE-rich phosphate) are often seen as relicts or inclusions within magnesian silicates in the wall rocks, revealing that they were primary or earlier metamorphic minerals than magnesian silicates. And olivine exists as subhedral interstitial texture between hornblende, which shows later formation of olivine than hornblende and does not conform with sequence of magmatic crystallization. All these mineralogical features thus bias towards their metamorphic, rather than magmatic origin. The dominant chemical components of the iron ores are SiO_2(4.77–25.23 wt%), Fe_2O_3 T(32.9–80.39 wt%) and MgO(5.72–27.17 wt%) and uniformly, those of the wall rocks are also SiO_2(16.34–48.72 wt%), Mg O(16.71–33.97 wt%) and Fe_2O_3 T(6.98–30.92 wt%). The striking high Fe-Mg-Si contents reveal that protolith of the Zhaoanzhuang iron deposit was more likely to be chemical sedimentary rocks. The distinct high-Mg feature and presence of abundant anhydrite possibly indicate it primarily precipitated in a confined seawater basin under an evaporitic environment. Besides, higher contents of Al, Ti, P, Th, U, Pb, REE relative to other Precambrian iron-rich chemical precipitates(BIF) suggest some clastic terrestrial materials were probably input. As a result, we think the Zhaoanzhuang iron deposit had experienced the initial Fe-Mg-Si marine precipitation, followed by further Mg enrichment through marine evaporated process, subsequent high-grade metamorphism and late-stage hydrothermal fluid modification.     

新疆阿克陶县苏巴什一带磁铁矿地质特征及成因浅析

新疆阿克陶县苏巴什一带具有优越的成矿地质条件,带内相继发现了多个铁矿床,并具有一定的空间连续性。本文通过总结对比带内不同铁矿床的地质特征、赋矿地层、构造变质变形等特征,并以带内典型的磁铁矿床为例,深入分析矿体地质特征、矿体形态、矿物组合及矿石结构构造特征,认为该地区的磁铁矿具有相似的矿床成因及成矿演化史,经历了原始沉积期、区域变质改造期和热液叠加改造期3个阶段,属于沉积变质型磁铁矿。通过物探磁测,明确了区内磁异常主要由磁铁矿（化）引起,并总结了带内磁铁矿找矿标志,为该区铁矿进一步勘探调查指明方向。     

磁铁矿中磁性物成分的测定及可选性评价

对磁铁矿样品分别用磁选管和手工内磁选法进行磁选,并对原矿样品和样品的磁性物中TFe、P、S、V2O5、TiO2、SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、MgO、Sn、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量进行测定.分析结果表明,采用手工内磁选和磁选管对磁铁矿进行磁选所得的结果一致,为了简便操作,本文均采用手工内磁选法选出磁性物.A矿区磁性铁(mFe)含量(22.42％)比B矿区mFe含量(22.59％)低,但A矿区样品的磁性物中TFe含量(磁铁精矿品位)大于66％,比B矿区样品的磁性物中TFe含量(小于57％)高,A矿区的磁铁矿选矿效果明显好于B矿区,说明对磁性物中TFe含量的测定能够更好地反映矿石的可选性.原矿样品中P、S的含量分别为0.328％、0.271％,而样品的磁性物中P、S的含量为0.021％、＜0.005％,均达到铁矿石冶炼标准;原矿样品中V2O5、TiO2的含量分别为0.156％、1.37％,而样品的磁性物中V2O5、TiO2含量分别为0.823％、13.62％,达到了铁矿石冶炼标准.原矿样品的(CaO+MgO)/(SiO2 +Al2O3)值为0.876,为自熔性矿石,而其磁性物的(CaO+ MgO)/(SiO2+Al2O3)值为0.453,为酸性矿石.由此说明,单纯测定原矿样品中的各成分尚不能对磁铁矿的可选性进行科学性评价,只有进一步测定磁铁矿的磁性物中各成分的含量,才能够对磁铁矿进行可靠的评价.本文通过对磁铁矿中磁性物成分的测定,为磁铁矿的选冶性能提供了新的评价方法.     

Rock-magnetic properties of topsoils and urban dust from Morelia (>800,000 inhabitants), Mexico: Implications for anthropogenic pollution monitoring in Mexico’s medium size cities

In this work, we investigate the correlation between some magnetic parameters and the level of contamination by heavy metals in urban soils from Morelia city, western Mexico. The magnetic study was carried out on 98 urban soils samples belonging to distinct land uses. Most of analyzed samples contain ferrimagnetic minerals as the responsible for magnetization, most probably corresponding to the titanomagnetites/ titanomaghemites solid solutions. This is inferred from the susceptibility vs. temperature measurements and the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) experiments. These measurements also indicate that most of samples are almost completely saturated before 300 mT. Additionally, the S_-200 values (S_-200 = IRM_-200/ SIRM, where IRM_-200= Back-field of 200 mT after magnetic saturation) are between 0.7 and 1.0, characteristic of low coercivity magnetic minerals. The averaged saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) curves can be used as an indicator of pollution level, as these curves show different saturation values according to the level of contamination by heavy metals: Cu, Ni, Cr and Sr. These associations of (titano)magnetite with heavy metals were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope revealing some complex aggregates rather than commonly detected spherules.     

Trace Element Geochemistry of Magnetite from the Fe(-Cu) Deposits in the Hami Region, Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt, NW China

Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry(LA–ICP–MS) was used to determine the trace element concentrations of magnetite from the Heifengshan, Shuangfengshan, and Shaquanzi Fe(–Cu) deposits in the Eastern Tianshan Orogenic Belt. The magnetite from these deposits typically contains detectable Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and Ga. The trace element contents in magnetite generally vary less than one order of magnitude. The subtle variations of trace element concentrations within a magnetite grain and between the magnetite grains in the same sample probably indicate local inhomogeneity of ore–forming fluids. The variations of Co in magnetite between samples are probably due to the mineral proportion of magnetite and pyrite. Factor analysis has discriminated three types of magnetite: Ni–Mn–V–Ti(Factor 1), Mg–Al–Zn(Factor 2), and Ga– Co(Factor 3) magnetite. Magnetite from the Heifengshan and Shuangfengshan Fe deposits has similar normalized trace element spider patterns and cannot be discriminated according to these factors. However, magnetite from the Shaquanzi Fe–Cu deposit has affinity to Factor 2 with lower Mg and Al but higher Zn concentrations, indicating that the ore–forming fluids responsible for the Fe–Cu deposit are different from those for Fe deposits. Chemical composition of magnetite indicates that magnetite from these Fe(–Cu) deposits was formed by hydrothermal processes rather than magmatic differentiation. The formation of these Fe(–Cu) deposits may be related to felsic magmatism.     

元阳县红土寨超贫磁铁矿成矿地质条件及找矿方向

元阳县红土寨超贫磁铁矿是复合型铁矿,前寒武纪扬子地块边缘裂谷环境火山物质沉积物提供矿源。找矿方向主要为哀牢山群的阿龙组中—基性火山—沉积建造。     

宁陕县南付家河磁铁矿地质特征及成因分析

南付家河磁铁矿地处南秦岭被动陆缘菜子坪—柞水推覆岩片带内,近矿围岩为一套钠长岩,泥盆系发育的同沉积断层控制了矿体的空间位置,矿床成因属热水喷流沉积型。     

Changes in Magnetic Properties of Baked Archaeological Samples. Implications for Palaeointensity Determination

Rock magnetic investigations of archaeological materials of burnt clay from Eneolithic ovens (4500 years BC) showed particular changes with time in the magnetic mineralogy of samples, stored under normal conditions. Our results indicate that well-burnt clay from the archaeological materials contains a significant amount of very fine magnetic grains, which could notably influence the rock magnetic properties and behavior at room temperature. The main observations after 4 years of storage under laboratory conditions are as follows: 1) decrease in the final unblocking temperature of NRM from 600–620°C to 580°C and 2) increase in the capacity of laboratory TRM acquisition. The most probable mechanism responsible for the observed changes is supposed to be fast low-temperature oxidation of the finest (superparamagnetic) grains and the development of the maghemite shell in coarser single-domain grains. The Thellier palaeointensity experiments, carried out at the beginning of the study, showed very good results, which satisfy all acceptance criteria, applied to evaluation of the results, quite well. Palaeointensity determinations repeated 4 years later on samples from the same material showed the experimental results to be of significantly inferior quality. The main difference is the presence of the significant deviation (change in the slope) on the Arai diagram after T>350–400°C. The calculated palaeointensity is either higher than the one obtained before, or similar, but evaluated with large uncertainty. Therefore, we conclude that the possibility to obtain biased palaeointensity values increases during short-time storage (i.e. several years) due to the low-temperature changes of the material.     

新疆西天山查岗诺尔铁矿床矿物学特征及其地质意义

查岗诺尔大型磁铁矿床位于西天山阿吾拉勒东段,矿体赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组安山质火山碎屑岩或凝灰岩中,主要呈层状、似层状、透镜状,受NW、NWW、NE断裂及环形断裂构造控制。矿区发育石榴石、透辉石、方柱石、阳起石、钾长石、绿帘石、绿泥石、方解石等蚀变矿物,矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿和赤铁矿,伴生的金属矿物以黄铁矿和黄铜矿为主。电子探针分析结果表明,石榴石和辉石分别为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列和透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,其化学组成可表示为Adr37.97~97.89Grs0.19~57.21(Alm+Sps)0.84~4.38和Di28.68~87.46Hd10.46~70.13Jo0.24~5.53,与典型的矽卡岩型铁矿中石榴石和辉石的端员组分相似。在磁铁矿和赤铁矿的Ca+Al+Mn-Ti+V图解中,多数样品落入矽卡岩型铁矿的区域;在磁铁矿的TiO2-Al2O3-MgO图解中,多数样品落入或趋近于沉积变质-接触交代磁铁矿区域。结合矿床地质特征和矿物学研究,认为该矿床的形成与矽卡岩化紧密相关,矽卡岩化对铁成矿有重要的贡献。     

滇中武定迤纳厂铁铜矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及其成矿意义

武定迤纳厂矿床位于我国云南省中部,在大地位置上处于扬子板块西缘,康滇地轴云南段,是滇中具有代表性的元古代铁-铜-金-稀土矿床.其矿化作用分为岩浆气液期、交代成矿期、热液成矿期和成矿后热液期4个期次,其中前3个期次是铁成矿的主要期次,分别以角砾状磁铁矿、浸染状磁铁矿和粗粒脉状磁铁矿为代表.各类磁铁矿含有一定量的SiO2、Cr2O3、Al2O3、MgO等,角砾状磁铁矿石的主元素成分与铁成分比值最高,其次为浸染状磁铁矿,最低为脉状磁铁矿.不同类型的磁铁矿微量元素变化很大,浸染状磁铁矿稀土配分具四重效应,角砾状磁铁矿和粗粒脉状磁铁矿稀土配分为右倾型.成矿早期磁铁矿的形成受岩浆作用影响强烈,含铁的岩浆导致围岩碎裂,形成了早期角砾状矿石;交代成矿期的铁质主要源于岩浆演化晚期分异形成的富铁流体,富铁流体与围岩发生强烈的物质交换,导致大量铁质沉淀;随着矿化作用的进行,热液作用逐渐增强,加之外界流体的逐渐加入,对之前形成的磁铁矿进行改造,使其具有热液成因的表象特征.从矿物成分体现出的矿床成因上看,该矿床属于岩浆隐爆-交代型成因,与世界知名的IOCG型矿床有相似之处.