东昆仑造山带晚三叠世岩浆混合作用：以和勒冈希里克特花岗闪长岩体为例

东昆仑造山带晚华力西期-印支期花岗质岩石中广泛发育暗色微粒包体.本文以东昆仑东段和勒冈希里克特花岗闪长岩体为例,对暗色微粒包体及其寄主岩进行了详细研究.包体的野外产出特征、形态、结构构造和矿物学特征表明,他们是基性岩浆进入中酸性岩浆快速冷凝结晶的产物,和寄主花岗岩有着相似的稀土元素配分模式,显示轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,轻重稀土元素分馏明显的特征,微量元素蛛网图也具有明显的相似性,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,反映了岩浆混合作用的特征;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究显示,暗色微粒包体的形成年龄为(224.9±4.1)Ma,与寄主岩的同位素年龄值(225±5)Ma在误差范围内一致,表明了在晚三叠世期间东昆仑地区存在着后碰撞阶段壳-幔岩浆混合作用.     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床岩浆通道系统的成矿模式

金川矿床是目前世界第三大在采铜镍硫化物矿床,其成岩成矿过程及侵位机制一直存在争议。近年来,岩浆通道系统成矿被越来越多的人所接受,正是由于岩浆通道系统这样特殊的开放系统为＂小岩体成大矿＂提供了成矿条件。通过对岩体的形态,以及岩体与围岩接触处的宏观和地球化学特征的研究,指出在岩体侵入前存在一组由F1、F2等拆离断层所组成的正断层系统,为金川岩体的控矿构造,且是与上一级岩浆房贯通的岩浆通道。而对不同矿体Cu、Ni及铂族元素变化趋势的总结和Ⅰ6行富铜隐伏矿体、Ⅱ2号矿体33-41行特富矿的研究,发现Ⅰ24号、Ⅱ1号与Ⅱ2号矿体的矿浆分别由两个不同的岩浆通道形成,指出了岩浆通道的可能产出位置,探讨金川铜镍硫化物矿床的岩浆通道系统成矿模型。     

石英脉型钨矿床中云英岩析离体及岩浆液态分异成矿研究——以湖南瑶岗仙钨矿床为例

云英岩析离体(包体)常见于南岭地区石英脉型(黑)钨矿床的成矿花岗岩体顶部附近,这些析离体多呈不规则椭球状,与寄主岩石花岗岩围岩界线明显,无与外面连通的脉体或构造,分布无规律。在湖南瑶岗仙钨矿床,云英岩析离体赋存于瑶岗仙岩体主体的灰色斑状碱长花岗岩Ⅰ中,大部分有分带,外带为云英岩化碱长花岗岩,富含辉钼矿,最高达5%以上,钠长石An平均为0.64;内核部分为云英岩,主要矿物组合为白云母、石英、萤石、黄玉、黑钨矿等,与黑钨矿石英脉相同,其黑钨矿含量最高达20%以上,属热液沉淀形成。云英岩析离体整体呈现出浆液过渡态流体作用的特征,是富Li-F碱长花岗岩浆液态分异作用的产物。与碱长花岗岩围岩相比,析离体中富集金属元素W、Mo、Bi及Li、Rb等元素,相对贫Co、Ni、Sr、Ba等元素,Cu、Pb、Zn的含量变化不明显。这种元素富集规律与区域岩浆演化趋势基本一致,显示岩浆晚期液态分异形成浆液过渡态流体是W等成矿元素富集的重要机制,但这一机制并不会导致Pb、Zn的富集,这一点不同于矽卡岩型钨矿床。石英脉型(黑)钨矿床的成矿地质体是灰色斑状碱长花岗岩Ⅰ,云英岩析离体是该岩体岩浆液态分异的结果,可以作为识别碱长花岗岩含矿性的重要标志(寻找石英脉型钨矿矿床)。     

Origin of the Miocene porphyries and their mafic microgranular enclaves from Dabu porphyry Cu–Mo deposit,southern Tibet: implications for magma mixing/mingling and mineralization

The origin of magmas that are linked to economic mineralization in porphyry deposits formed in continental collisional belts is controversial. In this paper, we studied the mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) and their host monzogranite porphyries (HMPs) from the Dabu porphyry Cu–Mo deposit in southern Tibet. Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages indicate coeval formation for the MMEs and HMPs in middle Miocene time (~15 Ma). The MMEs have high Mg# (50.7–60.8), low SiO₂ (53.2–62.5 wt.%), and high Cr (95–175 ppm) contents, with positive εHf(t) values ranging from +3.4 to +9.4. These results, along with the presence of phlogopite, suggest that the MMEs were most likely generated by partial melting of a metasomatic lithospheric mantle source region. The HMPs have high Sr/Y (88.2–135.7), La/Yb (25.0–31.9) ratios, and moderate Mg# (46.2–49.3) values. They have the same εHf(t) values (+3.3 to +7.7) with arc-like Palaeogene rocks. The HMPs also show typical arc magma characteristics such as enrichment in LILEs (e.g. Rb, Ba, Sr, and K) and depletion in HFSEs (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, and P). These results suggest a possible origin involving high-pressure remelting of thickened lower crustal arc cumulates related to earlier Neo-Tethyan subduction. The lower crustal arc cumulates dominated by garnet-bearing amphibolite facies could be the potential copper sources of the Dabu porphyry Cu–Mo deposit. Underplating of the mantle-derived mafic magmas could have provided heat input for melting of the hydrous lower crust. Reaction between the mafic and felsic magmas might have further increased Cu concentrations and contributed to subsequent mineralization.     

Three-dimensional temperature field simulation of a cooling of a magma chamber,La Primavera caldera,Jalisco, Mexico

The La Primavera caldera lies close to the triple junction of the Tepic-Zacoalco, Colima, and Chapala rifts in the western part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is a promising geothermal field with 13 deep wells already drilled. We calculated solute geothermometric temperatures (Na–K, Na–Li, and SiO₂) from the chemistry of geothermal water samples; determined values are generally between 99°C and 202°C for springs and between 131°C and 298°C for wells. Thermal modelling is an important geophysical tool as documented in the study of this and other Mexican geothermal areas. Using the computer program TCHEMSYS, we report new simulation results of three-dimensional (3-D) thermal modelling of the magma chamber underlying this caldera through its entire eruptive history. Equations (quadratic fit) describing the simulated temperatures as a function of the age, volume and depth of the magma chamber are first presented; these indicate that both the depth and the age of the magma chamber are more important parameters than its volume. A comparison of 3-D modelling of the La Primavera and Los Humeros calderas also shows that the depth of the magma chamber is more important than its volume. The best model for the La Primavera caldera has 0.15 million years as the emplacement age of the magma chamber, its top at a depth of 4 km, and its volume as 600 km³. Fresh magma recharge events within the middle part of the magma chamber were also considered at 0.095, 0.075, and 0.040 Ma. The simulation results were evaluated in the light of actually measured and solute geothermometric temperatures in five geothermal wells. Future work should involve a smaller mesh size of 0.050 or 0.10 km on each side (instead of 0.25 km currently used) and take into account the topography of the area and all petrogenetic processes of fractional crystallization, assimilation, and magma mixing as well as heat generation from natural radioactive elements.     

Genesis and evolution of subduction-zone andesites: evidence from melt inclusions

Andesite magmatism plays a major role in continental crustal growth, but its subduction-zone origin and evolution is still a hotly debated topic. Compared with whole-rock analyses, melt inclusions (MIs) can provide important direct information on the processes of magma evolution. In this article, we synthesize data for melt inclusions hosted by phenocrysts in andesites, extracted from the GEOROC global compilation. These data show that melt inclusions entrapped by different phenocrysts have distinct compositions: olivine-hosted melt inclusions have basalt and basaltic andesite compositions, whereas melt inclusions in clinopyroxene and othopyroxene are mainly dacitic to rhyolitic. Hornblende-hosted melt inclusions have rhyolite composition. The compositions of melt inclusions entrapped by plagioclase are scattered, spanning from andesite to rhyolite. On the basis of the compositional data, we propose a mixing model for the genesis of the andesite, and a two-chamber mechanism to account for the evolution of the andesite. First, andesite melt is generated in the lower chamber by mixing of a basaltic melt derived from the mantle and emplaced in the lower crust with a felsic melt resulting from partial melting of crustal rocks. Olivine and minor plagioclase likely crystallize in the lower magma chamber. Secondly, the andesite melt ascends into the upper chamber where other phenocrysts crystallize. According to SiO₂-MgO diagrams of the MIs, evolution of the andesite in the upper chamber can be subdivided into two distinct stages. The early stage (I) is characterized by a phenocrystal assemblage of clinopyroxene + othopyroxene + plagioclase, whereas the late stage (II) is dominated by crystallization of plagioclase + hornblende.     

Mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of Eocene monzogabbroic stocks from the Bafra (Samsun) area in Turkey: implications for disequilibrium crystallization and emplacement conditions

Monzogabbro stocks including felsic enclaves (monzosyenite) around the Bafra (Samsun) area at the western edge of the Eastern Pontides cut Eocene-aged volcanic and sedimentary units. The monzogabbros contain plagioclase, alkali feldspar, clinopyroxene, olivine, hornblende, biotite, apatite, and iron-titanium oxides, whereas the felsic enclaves contain alkali feldspar, plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, clinopyroxene, and iron-titanium oxides. Mineral chemistry data suggest that magmas experienced hydrous and anhydrous crystallization in deep and shallow crustal magma chambers. Several thermobarometers were used to estimate temperatures of crystallization and emplacement for the mafic and felsic magmas. Clinopyroxene thermobarometry yielded 1100–1232 C and 5.9–8.1 kbar for monzogabbros, and 931–1109 C and 1.8–6.9 kbar for felsic enclaves. Hornblende thermobarometry and oxygen fugacity estimates reveal 739–971°C, 7.0–9.2 kbar and 10^?9.71 for monzogabbros and 681–928°C, 3.0–6.1 kbar and 10^?11.34 for felsic enclaves. Biotite thermobarometry shows elevated oxygen fugacity varying from 10^?18.9–10^?11.07 at 632–904°C and 1.29–1.89 kbar for monzogabbros, to 10^?15.99 –10^?11.82 at 719–873°C and 1.41–1.77 kbar for felsic enclaves. The estimated zircon and apatite saturation temperatures are 504–590°C and 693–730°C for monzogabbros and 765–775°C and 641–690°C for felsic enclaves, respectively. These data imply that several phases in the gabbroic and syenitic magmas did not necessarily crystallize simultaneously and further indicate that the mineral compositions may register intervals of disequilibrium crystallization. Besides, thermobarometry contrasts between monzogabbro and felsic enclave may be partly a consequence of extended interactions between the mafic and felsic magmas by mixing/mingling and diffusion. Additionally, the hot felsic magma was close to liquidus conditions (crystallinity < 30%) when injected into cooler mafic magma (crystallinity > 50%), and thus, the monzogabbro stocks reflect hybrid products from the mingling and incomplete mixing of these two magmas.     

阿尔金南缘鱼目泉岩浆混合花岗岩LA-ICP-MS测年与构造意义

阿尔金南缘鱼目泉花岗质岩体中含有大量暗色闪长质包体,岩相学及地球化学特征研究表明该岩体是由同期的幔源基性岩浆和酸性岩浆在近于液相(或"晶粥状")状态下发生不均匀混合作用的产物。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年结果显示其形成年龄(496.9±1.9Ma)与南阿尔金山大陆深俯冲超高压变质岩的峰期变质年龄(504～487Ma)相一致,且在地球化学特征上具有高Al2O3(平均15.88%),较高的K2O/Na2O值(平均1.26),高Sr(平均446×10-6),高(La/Yb)N值(平均24.04)和Sr/Y值(平均40),极低的Y(平均14.0×10-6)及Yb含量(平均1.5×10-6),类似于加厚地壳背景下形成的高Sr、低Y及Yb型花岗岩,反映出约500Ma时的南阿尔金造山带总体上处于地壳相互叠覆增厚的陆-陆碰撞造山作用阶段。分析认为,约500Ma时,南阿尔金山地区伴随着增厚地壳发生熔融作用产生大规模酸性岩浆活动的同时,还存在幔源基性岩浆的底侵,其原因可能与同时期大陆深俯冲作用所诱发的深部热地幔上升有关。     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床Hf同位素地球化学特征与岩浆源区

金川铜镍硫化物矿床是中国最大镍资源基地,形成于新元古界超镁铁质小岩体中,围岩是古元古界白家嘴子组一套角闪岩相变质岩,矿床的成矿关键因素一直受到广泛关注。详细的地质填图发现岩体与围岩为侵入接触,呈岩席状产出,西南部为岩体顶部,东北部为岩体底部。通过SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究,获得矿床中锆石年龄平均为(840±10)Ma,与前人获得的年龄(831.8±0.6)Ma在误差范围内一致,代表成岩年龄的锆石εHf(t)值主要集中在-8.52~-4.85;Hf模式年龄大于锆石U-Pb年龄,表明其岩浆源区受到过地壳物质的混染或来自于富集地幔。Hf-Sr-Nd-Pb-Os同位素研究发现,形成金川铜镍硫化物矿床的岩浆源区属于Ⅰ型富集地幔(EMⅠ),成岩成矿地质背景与陆内裂谷有关,这种特殊的构造环境与地幔源区可能对形成金川超大型铜镍硫化物矿床发挥了重要贡献。     

西南极利文斯顿岛火山岩多种成因过程的地球化学证据

利文斯顿岛火山岩是南极南设得兰岩浆弧的一部分。对岩石的Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成以及８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ与１／Ｓｒ、Ｒｂ、Ｋ和ＳｉＯ２关系的研究表明,利文斯顿岛火山岩具有不同的源区特征。百耳斯半岛和史莱夫角的火山岩、西多斯角的粗玄岩和第三纪的英云闪长岩显示出同成因的特点,和依诺特角第四纪橄榄玄武岩一样,它们均具有原生地幔的同位素组分,源区岩浆可能直接来自上地幔。汉那角和中利文斯顿岛火山岩岩浆则受到地壳成分的混染。不相容元素对Ｌａ／Ｓｍ－Ｌａ和Ｃｅ／Ｙｂ－Ｃｅ的研究进一步显示出,上述不同产地的岩石分别为不同源岩浆不同程度部分熔融的产物。结合岩相学和岩石化学特征的研究,提出百耳斯半岛和史莱夫角的火山岩以及西多斯角的粗玄岩是上地幔发生部分熔融所生成的玄武岩岩浆从深部岩浆囊沿构造薄弱带直接喷出形成的。古生代基底岩系的存在对中利文斯顿岛和汉那角火山岩的成因过程有重要的影响,即来自深部岩浆囊的原始岩浆在上地壳中的浅部岩浆囊受到了壳源物质混染。更新世－现代火山岩的源区岩浆直接自上地幔部分熔融生成,火山作用与晚新生代时该区的拉张构造有关。