青藏高原东缘龙门-锦屏造山带的崛起——大型拆离断层和挤出机制

龙门-锦屏山的东缘发育一系列逆冲断裂和飞来峰构造,逆冲作用使山体向东叠置在四川盆地之上。新的野外调查、显微构造分析和糜棱岩石英组构的EBSD测量表明,在龙门-锦屏山的前震旦纪变质杂岩体西缘(即青藏高原东缘)发育一条近NS向的大型韧性拆离断裂,被20Ma以来形成的NW—SE向鲜水河韧性走滑剪切带[1]左行错位80km。青藏高原东缘韧性拆离断裂中黑云母40Ar-39Ar测年获得112～120Ma的年龄,表明龙门-锦屏山的崛起可能与白垩纪开始的垂向挤出机制密切关联。结合四川前陆盆地的沉积及演化特征,认为晚三叠世时期羌塘/东昆仑/扬子陆块的碰撞形成松潘-甘孜造山带,晚三叠世—侏罗纪在其东南缘形成四川前陆盆地沉积;早白垩世龙门-锦屏山开始抬升,晚白垩世快速崛起,在四川前陆盆地沉积之上叠置白垩纪—第四纪再生前陆盆地的沉积。龙门-锦屏山的崛起与白垩纪以来扬子板块岩石圈对于松潘-甘孜地体的陆内俯冲作用有关,使位于中下地壳的变质基底岩石在挤出机制下隆起。     

大洋核杂岩与拆离断层研究进展

大洋核杂岩和拆离断层是洋中脊中发育的重要构造,被广泛关注。拆离断层一般为长期活动的,低角度的,大断距的正断层,绝大多数形成于慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊的内侧角上,其将地壳深部和上地幔的物质拆离到海底面形成大洋核杂岩。大洋核杂岩因其表面发育了窗棱构造,在多波束图像上更容易识别。大洋核杂岩所处的地壳年龄较年轻,为0~10Ma。洋中脊半扩张速率约为10mm/a,具有不对称扩张的特点,有拆离断层的一侧扩张速率更快。在大洋核杂岩取得的岩芯中代表性岩石为辉长岩,地震资料解释认为大洋核杂岩下具有一个大的辉长岩侵入体。发育大洋核杂岩和拆离断层的区域有升高的布格重力异常,高的P波速度和抬升的莫霍面。拆离断层起源于岩浆供给不足的区域,大多在大洋中脊洋脊段(segment)的末端,其演化会受到上地幔辉长岩体侵入的影响,通过旋转铰链的模式进行。总结了全球大洋核杂岩和拆离断层的分布情况,讨论了其岩石特征、地球物理场特征,探讨其成因机制和演化模式,并探讨了未来的研究方向。     

宁南弧形构造带甘肃大沟—内蒙古乱井中上地壳电性结构

利用大地电磁探测方法在宁南弧形构造带内蒙古乱井—甘肃大沟段进行了中上地壳电性结构特征研究,通过二维反演获得了研究区的电性结构模型,模型清楚揭示出了该区典型的电性结构特征:(1)中上地壳电性结构整体表现为"碎块状"的构造特征,其中走廊构造带总体表现为相对低阻,北祁连碰撞造山带总体表现为相对高阻;(2)海原地震震源区的震源断裂所反映的低阻带构造样式既不像走滑断裂那样陡峭,也不像逆冲断裂那样平缓,而是兼具走滑与逆冲断裂带的双重特征;(3)研究区壳内低阻层呈现不连续分布,总体表现为南深北浅的构造样式,一般都终止于高阻地块边缘或与逆冲推覆构造的滑脱面相交汇处;(4)清水河裂褶带内发育的高阻地块可能为晚古生代或早中生代发育在元古宙基底上的古隆起,为该区燕山期构造运动提供了深部大地电磁资料证据。     

P–T–t–D paths of Everest Series schist, Nepal

U(–Th)–Pb geochronology, geothermobarometric estimates and macro‐ and micro‐structural analysis, quantify the pressure–temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–D) history of Everest Series schist and calcsilicate preserved in the highest structural levels of the Everest region. Pristine staurolite schist from the Everest Series contains garnet with prograde compositional zoning and yields a P–T estimate of 649 ± 21 ° C, 6.2 ± 0.7 kbar. Other samples of the Everest Series contain garnet with prograde zoning and staurolite with cordierite overgrowths that yield a P–T estimate of 607 ± 25 ° C, 2.9 ± 0.6 kbar. The Lhotse detachment (LD) marks the base of the Everest Series. Structurally beneath the LD, within the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), garnet zoning is homogenized, contains resorption rinds and yields peak temperature estimates of ～650 ± 50 ° C. P–T estimates record a decrease in pressure from ～6 to 3 kbar and equivalent temperatures from structurally higher positions in the overlying Everest Series, through the LD and into GHS. This transition is interpreted to result from the juxtaposition of the Everest Series in the hangingwall with the GHS footwall rocks during southward extrusion and decompression along the LD system. An age constraint for movement on the LD is provided by the crystallization age of the Nuptse granite (23.6 ± 0.7 Ma), a body that was emplaced syn‐ to post‐solid‐state fabric development. Microstructural evidence suggests that deformation in the LD progressed from a distributed ductile shear zone into the structurally higher Qomolangma detachment during the final stages of exhumation. When combined with existing geochronological, thermobarometric and structural data from the GHS and Main Central thrust zone, these results form the basis for a more complete model for the P–T–t–D evolution of rocks exposed in the Mount Everest region.     

庐山变质核杂岩的变质变形及构造意义

庐山出露的变质核杂岩的构造层次具有典型的三层结构,即最上面的未变质沉积盖层、中间韧性流变层、核部的变质基底,其间分别以上剥离断层和拆离断层为分界线。上部沉积盖层以脆性变形为主,中间韧性流变层变形程度不一,但远离拆离带变质变形逐渐减弱,而核部的变质基底以强塑性变形为特征。对变质核杂岩南北两条地质剖面的分析,得到三个构造层次的岩石变质变形及岩性变化特征。区域动力学分析反映变质核杂岩东部原拆离带在五里正断层附近。拆离带中多硅白云母压力计得出的变质压力为0.6~1.1 GPa;锆石U-Pb年龄测试得到变质核杂岩的隆升时代为早白垩世。     

北京西山煤田滑脱构造的遥感研究

本文利用多种遥感资料提供的大量的新的构造信息,对北京西山煤田已有的地质认识和成果进行了重要补充和修改,划分出推覆型和滑型两种基本类型的滑脱构造,并详细研究了各个滑脱构造系统的影像特征、展布规律、几何形态、成因机制、演化历史以及控煤作用。     

Splash detachment of sand particles under varying contact stress field of wind-driven raindrop impact

The effects of wind-driven rain (WDR) on sand detachment were studied under various raindrop obliquities. Results suggested a significant reduction in compressive stress on sand surfaces for a two-dimensional experimental set-up in a wind tunnel. During experiments, sand particles in splash cups were exposed to both wind-free rain (WFR) and WDR driven by horizontal winds of 6.4, 8.9 and 12.8 m s⁻¹ and rainfall intensities of 50, 60, 75 and 90-mm h⁻¹ to assess the sand detachment rate (D, in g m⁻² s⁻¹). The effects of sand moisture state (dry and wet) on the detachment of different-sized particles (0.20–0.50 and 0.50–2.00 mm, respectively) were also tested. Factorial analysis of variance showed that shear and compressive stress components evaluated by horizontal and vertical kinetic energy flux terms (KE_x and KE_y, respectively, in J m⁻² s⁻¹) along with their vector sum (KE_r, in J m⁻² s⁻¹) explained the variation in D. Neither sand size nor sand moisture was statistically significant alone although binary interactions of KE_r, KE_x and KE_y with the sand size and three-way interaction of KE_x, sand size and moisture were statistically significant. These results can be explained by size-dependent variation in sand compressibility and surface friction related to the total stress field developed by a given partition of shear and compressive stresses of wind-driven oblique raindrops (KE_x/KE_y). Further analysis of the variation of the unit sand detachment rate (D_u = D/KE_r = g J⁻¹) with rain inclination (α, in degrees) better revealed the effect of WDR obliquity on D_u that further changed with sand size class and moisture state. Finally, the difference in the resulting stress field differentiable by the oblique raindrop trajectories of the experiment over sand surface significantly affected the non-cohesive particle detachment rates, to some extent interacted with size-dependent compressibility and interface shear strength of sand grains.     

Earthquake-controlling Processes of Detachment Zones in Eastern North China

The basin-and-range area in eastern North China is known for frequent occurrence of earthquakes, their great magnitudes and heavy losses thereby incurred. Seismic studies in the past usually emphasized the intersections, inflexions and branches of the faults. However, the intensities of many great earthquakes in this area do not show linear distribution, and the epicenters are horizontally dispersed at certain depths instead of along the strike of faults. Based on the sub-mantle plume studies made by authors in the past decade, it is thought that there exists an uplifted sub-mantle plume under the fault depression area in North China. The uplifting and intrusion of mantle materials caused the upper crust to be faulted, while low-velocity and high-velocity layers are alternatively distributed in the middle crust under the influence of the mantle and the lower crust. The middle and lower crust materials were detached from the top of the sub-mantle plume to the surroundings while the sub-mantle plume materi     

中下部地壳拆离断层带演化中的褶皱作用:以辽南变质核杂岩为例

作为变质核杂岩构造的重要组成部分,拆离断层带内广泛发育的褶皱构造与其寄主岩石一样记录了中下地壳拆离作用过程。选取辽南变质核杂岩金州拆离断层带内褶皱构造作为研究对象,基于叶理与褶皱构造关系分析,划分了褶皱期次与阶段性;通过形态组构分析、结晶学组构分析及石英古温度计等技术方法的应用,初步分析了拆离断层内褶皱的形成机制,为辽南地区拆离作用过程提供约束。根据褶皱形成与拆离作用的时间关系,将拆离带内褶皱分为拆离前褶皱、拆离同期褶皱和拆离后褶皱;拆离作用同期的褶皱按时间早晚分为早期(a1)阶段、中期(a2)阶段、晚期(a3)阶段。不同阶段褶皱的野外形态、叶理与褶皱关系等方面的差异,以及形态组构与结晶学组构的特征,为判断和恢复褶皱的形成机制提供了佐证,揭示出拆离断层带褶皱是在纵弯压扁和顺层流变的共同作用下递进剪切变形的产物。在拆离作用过程中, a1阶段和a2阶段褶皱以纵弯、压扁褶皱作用为主,a3阶段褶皱以弯滑作用为主。褶皱作用记录了拆离断层一定温度范围内(主要集中在380~500 ℃)的变形特征,拆离作用从早期到晚期的演化整体处于相对稳定的应变状态下。对金州拆离断层带而言,在区域NW-SE向伸展过程中,还伴随着NE-SW向微弱的收缩。