Estimation of temporal variation in splash detachment in two Japanese cypress plantations of contrasting age

To elucidate splash erosion processes under natural rainfall conditions, temporal variations in splash detachment were observed using a piezoelectric saltation sensor (H11B; Sensit Co., Portland, ND, USA). Preliminary laboratory tests of Sensit suggested that they were suitable for field observations. Field observations were conducted between July and September 2006 in 21‐ and 36‐year‐old Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantations with mean stand heights of 9·2 m and 17·4 m, respectively. Splash detachment (in g m^?2) was measured seven times using splash cups, and raindrop kinetic energy (in J m^?2 mm^?1) in both stands was measured using laser drop‐sizing (LD) gauges. Sensit was installed to record saltation counts, which were converted to temporal data of splash detachment (splash rate; in g m^?2 10 min^?1) using the relationship between splash detachment and saltation counts. Surface runoff was monitored using runoff plots of 0·5 m width and 2·0 m length to obtain temporal data of flow depth (in millimeters). Both total splash detachment and raindrop kinetic energy were larger in the older stand. Increased splash rates per unit throughfall were found in both stands after rainless durations longer than approximately one day in both stands. However, a lower splash rate was found in the 21‐year stand after rainfall events. During extreme rainstorms, the 21‐year stand showed a low runoff rate and a decline in the splash rate, while the 36‐year stand showed a higher splash rate and increased flow depth. The piezoelectric sensor proved to be a useful means to elucidate splash erosion processes in field conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原东南缘远震P波层析成像研究

利用中国地震科学探测台阵、小江流动台阵、固定台站等共516个地震台站记录资料,通过波形相关方法获取了111718个远震P波到时数据,运用层析成像技术研究获得了青藏高原东南缘深达650km的上地幔三维P波速度结构。结果表明,四川盆地岩石圈具有克拉通地区的高速结构特征;青藏高原东部地区表现为活动地块常见的低速异常;四川盆地西南部下方岩石圈可能受到青藏高原软流圈物质的侵蚀。在四川盆地南部及以南地区,由北向南从浅到深连续分布的高速异常体,可能是岩石圈底部拆沉造成的。岩石圈拆沉作用可能导致上地幔热物质上涌,地壳介质在热作用下力学强度降低,受青藏高原地壳物质侧向挤出作用,导致该地区陡峭的地形地貌和较强的地震活动性。攀枝花附近存在明显的高速异常,可能与三叠纪地幔柱成因的岩浆上升过程中镁铁质和超镁铁质岩浆侵入岩石圈有关。      

楞古-孜河弧形背斜特征及形成过程

祝桑弧位于松潘-甘孜造山带南部,楞古-孜河弧形背斜位于弧顶部位。楞古-孜河背斜主褶皱、内部小褶皱及叠加褶皱的特征表明其形成经历了印支晚期自北向南的滑脱作用,燕山早期南北向挤压作用及燕山中晚期南西-北东向挤压作用等三次构造变动。其成因可能与扬子板块与劳亚板块的俯冲、碰撞有关。     

Retrogressive fabric development during exhumation of the Voltri Massif (Ligurian Alps,Italy): arguments for an extensional origin and implications for the Alps–Apennines linkage

Geological mapping coupled with structural investigations carried out in the Voltri Massif (eastern Ligurian Alps, Italy) provide new data for the interpretation of the tectonic context controlling main fabric development during exhumation of its high-pressure core. The Voltri Massif is here interpreted as a c. 30 km-long eclogite-bearing, asymmetric dome formed by the progressive verticalisation of the regional, second-phase mylonitic foliation developed during retrogressive greenschist metamorphic conditions. In this light, the exhumation history is driven by a ductile-to-brittle extensional process, operating through low-angle, top-to-the-W multiple detachment systems. A Late Eocene–Early Oligocene age for this extensional episode is proposed on the basis of structural correlations, stratigraphic and radiometric constraints. In this scenario, the Voltri Massif is interpreted as an extensional domain developed to accommodate the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene arching of the Western Alps–Northern Apennines orogenic system.     

从力矩效应和地下水分析缓倾角结构面成因

在岩石剪切破坏中引入力矩模型并就剪切破坏过程进行了分析。在发生剪切破坏时岩石的破坏带有一定宽度,剪切带上的剪应力和支持力不是均匀分布的,在剪切过程中存在一个调整过程,并在局部集中,导致了剪切力矩的存在。当轴向压力 较小时,支持力和剪切力都很小,可视为均匀分布;随着 的增大,支持力和剪切力都增大,出现非均匀分布,局部表现为应力集中,出现局部破坏,而在整体上表现为力矩平衡。当剪切力矩大于支持力矩时,宏观上剪切破坏出现;分析研究了地下水引起的接触面积的变化,由此并推导了静水压力情况下结构面的稳定性。随着水压力p的增大,除了对岩体材料力学性质的弱化外,结构面上有效压力 和结构面上、下岩体的接触面积率 变小,使得发生失稳破坏的临界角 降低,也就是发生滑动的条件更容易满足。     

The impact of tectonic deformation upon coal seams in the South Wales coalfield, UK

Observations on the nature and appearance of coal seams, which were deformed during the late Carboniferous Variscan orogeny, have been made over several years within a number of opencast coal sites located across the South Wales coalfield. The deformation of coal seams was dominated by brittle failure and subsequent movement along fracture planes. Examination of hand specimens and smaller-scale samples using a scanning electron microscope reveals the presence of two distinct types of small-scale, tectonic fracture markings within deformed coals. Striated fracture surfaces with prominent ridges and grooves can bear a superficial resemblance to shatter cones in appearance but are unique to coal in their tectonic setting and appear to have formed by static shear failure, whereas strongly polished fracture surfaces result from movement across fracture planes. Deformed coal seams are also affected by distinctive, large-scale, tectonic fracture sets. The extent of fracturing within coal seams can be assessed using different techniques including measuring fracture frequency directly, performing various strength and hardness tests, making relatively simple subjective assessments on the appearance of the coal or monitoring the size distribution of the coal product. By applying some of these methods within working opencast sites, it can be shown that large amounts of abnormally fractured coal were formed along coal-based thrust flats or detachments but that the distribution of fractured coal along detached seams is rarely homogeneous. Enhanced fracturing often occurred in association with the localised thickening of seams along small-scale thrusts or within coal duplexes. Variable seam thicknesses and pockets of structurally thickened coal are seen as the most efficient means by which the presence and location of significant amounts of fractured coal can be predicted from borehole evidence during prospecting.     

西藏西南部普兰盆地东缘伸展构造初步研究

笔者在西南西南部普兰盆地填１：１０万地质图时,发现了一条沿盆地东缘展布的新生代伸展断层,其上盘为上新世普兰组砾岩：下盘为前寒武纪聂拉木群花岗片麻岩及花岗质糜棱岩和碳酸质糜棱岩。糜棱岩的拉伸线理为ＷＮＷ向,倾角平缓。在上下盘地层中都发育大小不同,近似平行的正断层,其中一条组成盆地东缘的大陡坎。     

胶东地区玲珑双向变质核杂岩的均衡隆升：运动学涡度的指示

在胶东半岛西北部,围绕着玲珑岩基所发育的早白垩世伸展构造,属于独特的双向变质核杂岩。这一变质核杂岩的东、西边界上,分别发育了倾斜相背的招平与焦家伸展拆离剪切带。双向变质核杂岩的剥露是否也有均衡隆升的贡献,一直没有明确的认识。本次工作以采自这两条边界拆离剪切带不同部位的糜棱岩样品为分析对象,分别应用刚性残斑长短轴比值法（具体又分别使用了Wallis投图法和刚性颗粒网格法）和石英c轴组构与主应变比值法对同一样品进行了运动学涡度测量。对于招平拆离剪切带,应用刚性残斑长短轴比值法获得的涡度值为0. 57~0. 73,而应用石英c轴组构与主应变比值法获得的涡度值为0. 80~0. 93。对于焦家剪切带,应用刚性残斑长短轴比值法获得的涡度值为0. 58~0. 74,而应用石英c轴组构与主应变比值法获得的涡度值为0. 79~0. 93。对于剪切带的同一样品,这两种测量方法给出的结果明显不同。应用刚性残斑长短轴比值法数据所获得这两条剪切带的减薄率,也明显高于应用石英c轴组构与主应变比值法数据的计算结果。理论分析与实例表明,刚性残斑长短轴比值法所获得的涡度值代表了剪切带的早期变形,而石英c轴组构与主应变比值法所得结果指示了晚期变形。由此表明,玲珑双向变质核杂岩边界拆离剪切带演化中,伴随着纯剪组分的明显降低,指示了剪切带产状的变陡,为均衡隆升的结果。均衡隆升发生在核杂岩演化的晚阶段,是早白垩世郭家岭期同构造花岗闪长岩侵位的响应。本文结果指示,双向与不对称变质核杂岩具有相似的演化规律,都经历过晚阶段均衡隆升,对中—下地壳的剥露具有重要的贡献。     

地球同步卫星资料的一种云地分离综合处理技术

利用多通道地球同步卫星资料,采用多通道阈值、基于晴空合成底图和云图时间序列的阈值和相似检测、有限区域动态阈值检测等方法,运用分步决策思路,对(60°S～60°N、45～165°E)区域内卫星云图分中高云和低云进行云地分离综合处理。经人工判断与自动云地分离结果对比分析表明,准确率达到90%以上。分析表明,考虑云和地(海)表在不同通道的亮温差异和随时间演变特点,建立并运用多种云地分离方法,有利于云地分离信息量的增加;提出的考虑云系分布时变特性的相似检测法,以及从有云和无云两个角度优先选择高可信度方法逐步检测,有利于云地分离准确率的提高。     

小秦岭金矿田矿床成因新认识

通过对东闯特大型金矿床的重点研究,综合前人资料,对小秦岭金矿田矿床成因提出了新的认识。成矿流体由地幔流体交代演化而来,成矿物质主要来自上地幔和下地壳,成矿时代为晚燕山期,不同形式的拆离构造为成矿流体提供了运移通道和富集空间,其成因类型为幔源中高温热液金矿床。