湘东丘陵区4种林地深层土壤溶解性有机碳的数量和光谱特征

选取湘东丘陵4种典型母质发育的林地土壤,挖掘土壤剖面并分层采集土壤样品至母质层/母岩,研究深层土壤有机碳（SOC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）的数量和分布规律,采用紫外-可见光谱技术分析深层土壤DOC的宏观化学结构特征。结果表明,土壤DOC含量（2.33~185.26 mg·kg^-1）在板岩红壤和酸性紫色土剖面上某些深层土层出现升高现象。DOC/SOC除第四纪红土红壤在浅层表土最高（1.5%）外,其他3种土壤均在60~80 cm深层土层达到最高峰值（1.0%~2.5%）。SOC数量是控制不同母质土壤DOC数量的重要因素。但光谱分析显示,随着土壤剖面的加深,DOC的宏观化学组成、结构趋于复杂,化学稳定性升高。尽管一些深层土层中DOC/SOC升高,但其DOC化学结构更为复杂,评价深层土壤SOC和DOC稳定性还应考虑其化学结构特性。     

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities of three tropical,warm monomictic Mexican lakes

Most studies of benthic macroinvertebrate communities are from shallow lakes or restricted to the littoral zone of deep, temperate lakes, with just a few dealing with the deep benthos. Furthermore, the deep benthic macroinvertebrate communities of tropical lakes are almost unknown. The present work describes the benthic macroinvertebrate communities of three tropical, warm monomictic lakes in “Lagunas de Montebello” National Park, Mexico, by describing the differences along the bathymetric profile, from the littoral down to the profound benthos. We studied the benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the two contrasting hydrodynamic periods of the warm monomictic lakes: a) stratification, when the hypolimnion becomes anoxic, and b) mixing, when the water column becomes oxygenated. We expected: 1) a reduction in the benthic macroinvertebrate taxonomic richness, density, and biomass from the littoral to the deep zone, 2) an impoverished benthic macroinvertebrate community while stratified (anoxia) compared to mixing (oxygenated), and 3) depletion in the taxonomic richness, density, and biomass of the profundal benthic macroinvertebrates in the tropical compared to temperate lakes. We found: 1) a decreasing trend in taxonomic richness (6 ± 2–3 ± 1 taxa), density (1868.7 ± 1069.7–349.1 ± 601.8 in. m⁻²) and biomass (277.8 ± 188.9–85.1 ± 95.6 mg C m⁻²) from the littoral to the deep zone; chironomids dominated the littoral zone, while oligochaetes dominated the deep zone. 2) Lower density and biomass but not taxonomic richness while stratified (4 ± 3 taxa; 586.2 ± 527.6 in. m⁻²; 81.6 ± 164.3 mg C m⁻²) compared to mixing (4 ± 3 taxa; 877.5 ± 1051.4 in. m⁻²; 190.1 ± 131.1 mg C m⁻²). 3) lower taxonomic richness and density but not biomass in tropical Montebello oligotrophic lakes (3 ± 3 taxa; 349.1 ± 601.8 in. m⁻²; 85.1 ± 195.6 mg C m⁻²) compared to temperate analogous (2–48 taxa; 492−83,189 8 in. m⁻²; 0.13−201.5 mg m⁻²). We conclude the early onset and long-lasting hypolimnetic anoxia restrict the benthic macroinvertebrate community radiation and diversification in tropical, oligotrophic, warm monomictic lakes.     

Acoustic wave scattering from a rough seabed over a sediment layer with generalized-exponential density and inverse-square sound speed profiles

This paper considers acoustic plane wave scattering from a rough seabed on a transition sediment layer overlying an elastic sea basement. The transition sediment layer is assumed to be fluid-like, with density and sound speed distributions behaving as generalized-exponential and inverse-square functions, respectively. This specific class of density and sound speed profiles deserves special attentions not only because it is geologically realistic, but also renders analytical solutions to the Helmholtz equation, making it particularly useful in the study of ocean and seabed acoustics. Based upon a boundary perturbation approach, the computational algorithm for the spatial spectrum in terms of the power spectral density of the scattered field has been developed and implemented. The results have shown that, while the coherent field mainly depends upon the gross structure of the seabed roughness, e.g., RMS roughness, the scattered field is significantly affected by the details of the roughness distributions specialized by the roughness power spectrum and the spatial correlation length of the rough surface. The dependence of the power spectral density of the scattered field on the various types of sediment stratifications, including the constant and the k²-linear sound speed distributions, is also included in the analysis.     

面向空间信息智能分发的动态化用户偏好模型研究

用户偏好模型的构建方法是制约空间信息智能分发理论取得进展的关键瓶颈。现有的空间信息智能分发算法和系统存在空间范围定位不准确、效用度计算存在偏差等缺陷,且大多关注用户的检索行为对偏好模型的贡献却均未考虑时间因素的影响,也很少注意到用户反馈的作用。鉴于此,对现有文献的理论和算法进行扩展,通过引入区域数、兴趣废、兴趣度密度等概念和算法,以及权值衰减函数和用户信息反馈等动态化因素,使模型能够更为准确、及时地随着用户偏好特征的变化进行修正。试验表明,相较于传统的静态模型而言,该模型能够更为有效地反映用户偏好特征的变化。     

Statistics for Size and Radial Wind Profile of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific

The 6-yr best-track data of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific are used to study the statistical features of TC size and radial wind profile. A TC size is defined as the azimuthal mean radius of 34-kt surface wind. On average, the TCs in the western North Pacific have a size of 203 km, and the size is larger for stronger TCs. Further analyses show that larger TCs tend to move faster than smaller ones, with a 23–24 km difference in size corresponding to a difference of about 10 km h -1 in m...     

Thresholds for morphological changes on an exposed sandy beach as a function of wave height

A sandy beach in the south of Portugal (Faro beach, Ria Formosa) was surveyed from the dune crest seaward to 15 m depth 20 times over a period of 26 months. Wave time‐series between surveys were analysed to obtain relationships between wave height and vertical profile variations and to define wave thresholds for important morphological changes. Results show that the active zone of the profile lies between 5 m above and 10·4 m below mean sea level, and that there are clear cross‐shore differences in the vertical variability of the profile. Based on the pattern of vertical variability, the profile was divided into four cross‐shore sectors: A (berm), 20–80 m from the profile origin; B (sub‐tidal terrace), 80–170 m; C (long‐shore bar), 170–360 m; and D, 360–700 m. The relationship between the modulus of the maximum vertical change in each sector and the 99th percentile of significant wave height between surveys was always significant. Calculated thresholds for significant wave height generating important morphological changes were 2·3 m in sector A, 3·2 m in sectors B and C, and 4·1 m in sector D. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vessel biofouling as an inadvertent vector of benthic invertebrates occurring in Brazil

This article reviews the literature involving benthic invertebrates that are cited in association with hull fouling, reporting the species that occur on the Brazilian coast and evaluating the importance of this vector for the introduction of nonindigenous and cryptogenic invertebrates in Brazil. It discusses some of the strategies that were used by the species that allowed for their overseas transport and made it easier to cross natural barriers that otherwise would have been obstacles to their dispersion. The compiled data list 343 species (65% nonindigenous and 35% cryptogenic), mainly from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The traveling fauna, composed mostly of cosmopolitan species (70.3%), is primarily euryhaline and marine stenohaline, with sessile and sedentary habits. After delineating the shipborne species’ ecological profiles and traveling strategies and evaluating their overlapping vectors, we concluded that hull vessels were the main vector of introduction to the Brazilian coast for 89.8% of the compiled species.     

黔中白云岩同化剖面的铅同位素组成及物源的指示

碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成模式是一个争议的问题,尤其是形成该红土的物质来源争议最大.本文对贵州中部平坝剖面进行了铅同位素的综合分析,结果显示全岩样品的Pb同位素组成显示是以长石矿物为主的"普通铅",下伏三叠纪白云岩样品的n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)为19.29,风化剖面全土样品的n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)约为...     

海啸波作用下泥沙运动——Ⅲ. 数学模型的建立与验证

基于Boussinesq方程耦合泥沙运动和地形演变模型,建立海啸作用下泥沙运动数学模型。地形演变模型采用WENO差分格式,并将WENO差分格式与Lax-Wendroff格式和FTBS格式进行对比分析。运用Synolakis、Kobayashi和Young的实验数据分别对水动力模块和地形演变模块进行验证,数值模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好,模型能够很好地模拟海啸波的传播、破碎、上爬、回落过程以及岸滩的冲淤变化过程,该数学模型能够运用到海啸作用下的岸滩演变研究和预测中。     

山西霍山山脉河流地貌定量参数及其构造意义

河流地貌形态定量研究是了解构造活动与地表过程耦合作用的重要途径之一.霍山山脉位于山西地堑系中部,介于临汾盆地和太原盆地之间,以发育霍山山前断裂带和1303年洪洞Ms8级地震而著名,通过分析跨断裂带及周边的48条河流的纵剖面形态、SL参数、Hack剖面、面积高程积分曲线以及HI值等,得到以下认识:1)跨断裂带的河流,其纵剖面在断层两侧的形态具明显差异,反映其受断层活动控制,而其他河流,除极少部分在上游存在局部陡变外,纵剖面为近似下凹的指数曲线形态显示近均衡状态;2)河流的HI值及积分曲线显示了霍山地区新生代以来整体处于强抬升弱侵蚀状态,即所有河流均处于壮年或幼年期;3)48条河流一致上凸的Hack剖面也表明霍山地区新生代以来处于强烈的构造抬升阶段,跨断裂带的Hack剖面形态以陡变下降而区别与其他河流的近似圆弧形;4)跨断裂带河流的SL/K参数在断层附近出现异常高值,反映了SL/K参数与断层垂直差异运动的相关性,周边其他河流的SL/K参数反映了没有差异运动的准均衡状态,局部的异常高值可能对应不同基岩的抗风化能力差异.河流地貌定量参数与构造环境存在显著的相关性,河流地貌定量参数特征揭示霍山山前断裂带在新生代以来的强烈垂向运动特征.