The June 2013 Alberta Catastrophic Flooding Event: Part 1—Climatological aspects and hydrometeorological features

In June 2013, excessive rainfall associated with an intense weather system triggered severe flooding in southern Alberta, which became the costliest natural disaster in Canadian history. This article provides an overview of the climatological aspects and large‐scale hydrometeorological features associated with the flooding event based upon information from a variety of sources, including satellite data, upper air soundings, surface observations and operational model analyses. The results show that multiple factors combined to create this unusually severe event. The event was characterized by a slow‐moving upper level low pressure system west of Alberta, blocked by an upper level ridge, while an associated well‐organized surface low pressure system kept southern Alberta, especially the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, in continuous precipitation for up to two days. Results from air parcel trajectory analysis show that a significant amount of the moisture originated from the central Great Plains, transported into Alberta by a southeasterly low level jet. The event was first dominated by significant thunderstorm activity, and then evolved into continuous precipitation supported by the synoptic‐scale low pressure system. Both the thunderstorm activity and upslope winds associated with the low pressure system produced large rainfall amounts. A comparison with previous similar events occurring in the same region suggests that the synoptic‐scale features associated with the 2013 rainfall event were not particularly intense; however, its storm environment was the most convectively unstable. The system also exhibited a relatively high freezing level, which resulted in rain, rather than snow, mainly falling over the still snow‐covered mountainous areas. Melting associated with this rain‐on‐snow scenario likely contributed to downstream flooding. Furthermore, above‐normal snowfall in the preceding spring helped to maintain snow in the high‐elevation areas, which facilitated the rain‐on‐snow event. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江苏泰州市第Ⅳ承压水可采资源量的确定

为合理利用地下水资源、保护地质环境,采用传统的可采模数法对第Ⅳ承压含水层的可采资源量进行计算。结果表明,对研究程度低、资料欠缺的含水层,应用可采模数法确定可采资源量是行之有效的计算方法。     

安徽陆相页岩气富集条件——以来安-天长地区中新生代为例

通过对来安-天长地区中新生代陆相油气地质、地球化学以及地球物理等资料的分析,结合该区的沉积演化特征,得出区内中新生界白垩系葛村组、泰州组、古近系阜宁组、戴南组暗色泥页岩主要为陆相沉积,形成于半深水至深水湖及滨海沉积环境,累计厚度400m,有机质类型以Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型为主,有机质热演化程度适中,具有较好的页岩气富集和保存条件,勘查前景较好。     

元坝地区大安寨段陆相页岩气富集高产主控因素

四川盆地元坝地区大安寨段湖相泥页岩为研究对象,在样品实验数据分析和岩心观察的基础上,对元坝地区陆相页岩气的形成条件进行了评价,并探讨了陆相页岩气富集高产的主控因素。元坝地区大安寨段泥页岩具有厚度大、有机质丰度高、类型好、热演化程度适中、储集物性以及含气性好、并具有可压性等特点,具备陆相页岩气形成的有利地质条件。元坝地区泥页岩含气量较高,其中吸附气量明显受到温度和压力、IOC、热演化程度(Ro)以及矿物成分的控制,表现为与压力、TOC、硅质和粘土矿物呈正相关,与温度、Ro呈负相关,与碳酸盐矿物相关性不大的特点,影响程度表现为TOCRo硅质粘土矿物碳酸盐矿物;游离气量则受孔隙和裂缝发育的影响,其与孔隙度成正相关关系;其中反映孔隙发育程度的基质孔隙度与TOC、粘土矿物含量呈正相关,与石英+长石呈先正相关后负相关(在40%左右最大),与碳酸盐含量呈负相关;裂缝发育程度则受岩性、构造作用、沉积成岩作用以及生烃作用的控制。元坝地区大安寨段陆相页岩气富集高产的主控因素包含了沉积相带、岩相和裂缝发育程度,其中浅湖—半深湖暗色泥页岩是湖相页岩气富集高产的基础;浅湖—半深湖相富有机质泥页岩所夹的薄层(条带)灰岩或砂岩有利于后期的压裂改造;裂缝和"挡板"层控制了页岩油气的高产。     

鹅公山火山盆地铀多金属矿成矿条件分析

鹅公山火山盆地是赣杭构造火山岩带铀多金属矿产较丰富的火山盆地。在整理前人勘查成果资料的基础上,总结了铀、金、银成矿地质特征,从火山盆地成矿元素聚集、构造、岩浆活动、围岩蚀变、隐爆作用及幔源物质等方面对火山盆地铀多金属矿成矿条件进行了分析,认为中生代强烈的火山岩浆活动及其作用,为火山盆地火山—潜火山热液型铀多金属成矿提供了有利的地质条件。文章建议加强隐爆角砾岩与成矿关系及幔源物质参与成矿作用的研究。     

柬埔寨KW铜金矿床地质特征及控矿条件

柬埔寨KW铜金矿床产于安山质火山岩中,矿化受NE-NNE向断裂控制,为中低温热液脉型矿化;矿体一般长80~640m,厚0.13~7.05m,品位Cu0.56%~3.48%,Au0.36×10-6~2.56×10-6;矿石金属矿物以黄铜矿、黄铁矿、毒砂为主,非金属矿物以石英为主,含少量绢云母、绿泥石、方解石等,近矿围岩蚀变以硅化-绢云母化-绿泥石化。矿区安山岩属高钾低钠的钙碱性岩类,矿石与安山岩有相似的稀土配分特征,显示成矿与安山质岩浆活动有密切的成因联系。矿区青磐岩化、细脉状石膏较为普遍,显示可能存在与次火山岩体有关的蚀变岩型矿化,该类型矿化是下一步找矿突破的重要方向。     

Fluid flow dynamics under location uncertainty

We present a derivation of a stochastic model of Navier Stokes equations that relies on a decomposition of the velocity fields into a differentiable drift component and a time uncorrelated uncertainty random term. This type of decomposition is reminiscent in spirit to the classical Reynolds decomposition. However, the random velocity fluctuations considered here are not differentiable with respect to time, and they must be handled through stochastic calculus. The dynamics associated with the differentiable drift component is derived from a stochastic version of the Reynolds transport theorem. It includes in its general form an uncertainty dependent subgrid bulk formula that cannot be immediately related to the usual Boussinesq eddy viscosity assumption constructed from thermal molecular agitation analogy. This formulation, emerging from uncertainties on the fluid parcels location, explains with another viewpoint some subgrid eddy diffusion models currently used in computational fluid dynamics or in geophysical sciences and paves the way for new large-scales flow modeling. We finally describe an applications of our formalism to the derivation of stochastic versions of the Shallow water equations or to the definition of reduced order dynamical systems.     

弹性介质中瑞雷面波有限差分法正演模拟

为研究瑞雷面波的形成机理及传播规律,促进瑞雷面波资料处理方法的发展,本文根据弹性波方程,采用交错网格有限差分数值求解算法,对浅层各向同性弹性介质进行了包括瑞雷面波和体波在内的全波场模拟. 提出了变系数吸收边界条件并将之应用于正演模拟,使边界条件的处理简单而高效,同时给出了角点的处理方法. 对工程勘察中常见的连续和层状介质模型进行了模拟,获得了更加接近实际情况的地震记录. 结合模拟记录,探讨了瑞雷面波的形成条件,同时讨论了震源埋深对面波能量的影响.     

Resolution issues in numerical models of oceanic and coastal circulation

The baroclinic and barotropic properties of ocean processes vary on many scales. These scales are determined by various factors such as the variations in coastline and bottom topography, the forcing meteorology, the latitudinal dependence of the Coriolis force, and the Rossby radius of deformation among others. In this paper we attempt to qualify and quantify scales of these processes, with particular attention to the horizontal resolution necessary to accurately reproduce physical processes in numerical ocean models. We also discuss approaches taken in nesting or down-scaling from global/basin-scale models to regional-scale or shelf-scale models. Finally we offer comments on how vertical resolution affects the representation of stratification in these numerical models.     

Seasonal Sensitivity on COBEL-ISBA Local Forecast System for Fog and Low Clouds

Skillful low visibility forecasts are essential for air-traffic managers to effectively regulate traffic and to optimize air-traffic control at international airports. For this purpose, the COBEL-ISBA local numerical forecast system has been implemented at Paris CDG international airport. This local approach is robust owing to the assimilation of detailed local observations. However, even with dedicated observations and initialization, uncertainties remain in both initial conditions and mesoscale forcings. The goal of the research presented here is to address the sensitivity of COBEL-ISBA forecast to initial conditions and mesoscale forcings during the winter season 2002–2003. The main sources of uncertainty of COBEL-ISBA input parameters have been estimated and the evaluation of parameter uncertainty on the forecasts has been studied. A budget strategy is applied during the winter season to quantify COBEL-ISBA sensitivity. This study is the first step toward building a local ensemble prediction system based on COBEL-ISBA. The conclusions of this work point out the potential for COBEL-ISBA ensemble forecasting and quantify sources of uncertainty that lead to dispersion.