区域气候变化脆弱性综合评估研究进展

区域脆弱性评估为脆弱性地区农户摆脱贫困、区域持续发展和政府制定适应策略提供科学依据.由于区域内部人地系统的复杂性,区域的脆弱性定量评估较为困难.中国脆弱性研究起步较晚,关注较早的是脆弱性区域的分布,但对区域内脆弱人群的脆弱性研究较少,认识上的不足影响了国家和地方政府制定科学的适应政策和措施.本文介绍了对脆弱性的认识,梳...     

Settlement and sustainability in the Polish Sudetes

The paper summarises the history of human settlement in the Sudetes from the Bronze Age. A more intensive stage was reached in the Middle Ages when settlers from the west established new villages deep in the mountain valleys. By the beginning of the 20th century the Sudetes were already overpopulated but after a near-complete ethnic replacement from a German to a Polish population in 1945–8, population continued to grow until the 1980s. However, the economic system was hardly sustainable by this time. There were many polluting industries in the region and massive transboundary pollution from adjacent areas of Czechoslovakia and Germany had a devastating effect on the forests. Moreover, subsidised state agriculture placed heavy pressure on vulnerable mountain grazings. Since 1989 there has been a process of deindustrialisation in the Sudetes and surrounding areas and, with the disappearance of the state farms and the reduction in subsidies, agriculture is now better adjusted to the natural potential and is complemented by a promising start with agrotourism. The population of the region is growing relatively slowly (0.8% per annum 1956–1999), with the rural areas now in decline. A sustainable future for the region is now a possibility, but while there is a consensus for continued environmental reconstruction, supported by alternative economies, this will have to be carefully managed in the years ahead when EU accession may bring heavier development pressures than those evident at the moment. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Research progress and prospect on development geography

In this paper,we review the research progress in development geography since the 20th century,focusing on its connotation and theory,fields,methods,and development trends.Specifically,we systematically review the research and applications of development geography,comprising fields such as the convergence of underdeveloped countries and re-gions,and the convergence of the process of improving the quality of life in developed coun-tries and regions.Then,based on an analysis of research progress in development geogra-phy in foreign countries,we examine the development conditions and disciplinary advantages of development geography in China.Further,we highlight that future development geography research in China should focus on the latest international academic research and China's national macro-strategic needs.Future research in development geography should be guided by the theory of sustainable development,the core of which is to improve sustainable liveli-hood capacity and regional green development levels in underdeveloped regions.This core includes the construction of industrial policy and development geography theory,as well as an interdisciplinary integrated research system.The focus must be placed on researching the spatial patterns,diffusion characteristics,and the convergence mechanism of regional de-velopment.Such a focus will facilitate exploration of the regulatory policies and scientific paths that serve regional economic construction and industrial development.     

帮扶措施对山区脱贫农户生计策略选择的影响——以陇南山区为例

帮扶措施不仅是构建稳定脱贫长效机制的关键举措,更是推进脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的客观要求。论文构建了帮扶措施对农户生计策略选择的影响分析框架,利用入户调查数据,在辨明帮扶措施及生计策略选择特征的基础上,探讨了影响陇南山区脱贫户生计策略选择的关键因素。结果表明：(1)陇南山区有59.84%的脱贫户享受了多元帮扶措施,其中,享受最多的多元帮扶措施为产业扶贫+生态补偿扶贫,享受最多的单一帮扶措施为生态补偿扶贫;(2)陇南山区脱贫户的生计策略以务工主导型为主,呈农业特色化、非农化和多样化的特点;(3)陇南山区脱贫户生计策略选择的路径依赖性整体呈中等水平,其中,川坝河谷区农户、老年农户和低生计资本禀赋的农户生计策略选择的路径依赖性较强,且帮扶措施对其有调节作用;(4)社会资本、人力资本、金融资本和区位条件对农户的生计策略选择有显著影响;产业扶贫和电商扶贫对农户的特色务农型生计策略选择有正向影响,生态补偿扶贫和就业扶贫对农户的非农化生计策略选择有正向影响。最后,提出了优化农户生计策略的政策建议。     

连片特困地区易地扶贫移民生计恢复力评估

借鉴社会—生态系统研究领域的恢复力概念,结合可持续生计分析框架和基于资本的评估方法,构建易地扶贫移民生计恢复力评价指标体系。运用陕南安康市3个区县的657份农户实地调研数据,采用因子分析方法和多元线性回归模型,从微观农户视角实证分析和评估易地扶贫移民的生计恢复力及其影响因素。结果表明：易地搬迁农户物质、社会资本分布不均衡,不同搬迁类型和时间对农户生计资本分化产生作用。物质、金融和社会资本积累水平以及环境、健康服务可及性等均是搬迁户提升生计恢复力的前提和基础,而搬迁类型对移民生计恢复力表现出显著的负向作用。建议政府充分发挥政策优势,针对不同搬迁类型和时间移民进行精准帮扶,着力解决搬迁户生计资本的薄弱环节,不断提升其生计恢复潜力。     

基于生态足迹的中国四大沙地地区可持续评价

基于社会经济统计数据,采用生产性生态足迹模型,评估并对比了我国四大沙地地区2000年和2015年的生产性生态足迹和生态赤字/盈余状态,以揭示区域的可持续性。结果表明：2000-2015年,四大沙地地区人均生态足迹总体呈现增加趋势,毛乌素沙地地区人均生态足迹年均增长率最高,达20.85%,增长量为79.21 hm²·人^-1;人均生态足迹主要以化石能源足迹和草地足迹为主;2000-2015年四大沙地地区生态赤字程度在不断增强,毛乌素沙地地区人均生态赤字变化量最大,达79.51 hm²·人^-1,造成赤字程度加大的主要原因是地区化石能源的大量生产。随着人们生活水平的提高,人们对资源的需求量也在不断增加,当前四大沙地地区社会经济的发展在一定程度上仍以自然资源大量生产和消耗为代价,经济发展和环境保护之间的平衡仍存在挑战,需要根据各地区的具体情况制定有针对性的管理措施,以维持区域的可持续发展。     

Water sustainability model for estimation of groundwater availability in Kemuning district,Riau-Indonesia

There are rising interests in the utility of groundwater in various aspects,which is capable of triggering problematic issues.The excessive exploitation for anthropologic uses,without regards to aquifer capacity,will decreases the water table as well as capacity of groundwater in the aquifer.This research was aimed to provide aquifer model of underground water by consideration of various environmental factors,with the propensity of being modeled,in an attempt to predict groundwater conditions in subsequent years.The purpose of this research was to forecast water requirements,availability,as well as three-dimensional model of groundwater depth in Kemuning,Indragiri Hilir Regency-Indonesia between 2015 and 2022.Furthermore,various environmental factors,from aquifer profiles to anthropologic demand,are taken into account in the evaluated model,including water requirements,encompassing recharge and aquifer parameters,which consists of storativity and transmissivity.From anthropologic side are domestic requirements,trade,public facilities,agriculture,and livestock.The results show that groundwater availability in Kemuning is to be safe condition,and average difference is 1.06×108 m3/yr.The coefficient of storativity and transmissivity are 16.514 m2/day and 9897.26 m2/day,respectively,while the average depth was recorded as 2.8965 m to 10.4927 m.     

Knowledge gathering and communication on biodiversity: Developing the Norwegian Nature Index

The authors reflect on knowledge-generating and communication processes involved in the recently developed Norwegian Nature Index, particularly the communication process among experts involved in providing the required biodiversity knowledge. Eliciting a comprehensive overview of biodiversity is a complex process involving choices of approaches and methods in order to reach a common understanding of uncertainties and values as a basis for quantification. Part of the complexity is the establishment of dialogue between experts from research institutions with different research traditions and approaches. The authors discuss how the index was developed through communication processes, challenging involved experts to provide not only biodiversity data for the current situation, but also forecasts of future trends, assessments of uncertainty, and evaluations of the urgency of biodiversity loss and possibility of implementing policy and management measures. The Nature Index framework has potential for informing the biodiversity policy debate by involving stakeholders beyond the science-policy community and enhancing deliberations about biodiversity policy in a wider context of sustainable development. As a policy tool, the Nature Index may develop through a process of practical application, which in turn may have an impact on the selection of narratives, definition of management targets, and technical concepts such as reference states.     

农业生态系统可持续性评价研究进展

在大量查阅国内外文献资料的基础上,阐述了国内外农业可持续性评价指标体系的选取标准与选取方法,在此基础上,综述了国内外农业可持续评价方法及评价尺度等研究进展情况。发现国内农业可持续性评价指标过多且以农业经济方面的指标为主,指标之间重叠现象严重,对生态环境、政策性和指导性指标重视不够,而且评价方法有待进一步完善。最后,针对农业可持续性评价中存在的问题提出了一些建议,以期对国内农业的可持续评价研究有所借鉴。