流域可持续评价的最大熵原理——投影寻踪耦合模型

在传统投影寻踪方法的基础上,综合考虑投影向量优化中的不确定性,提出基于最大熵原理的多准则投影寻踪方法,利用加速遗传算法对多准则目标函数进行优化求解。根据投影值与标准等级值的散点图趋势关系,建立了三次趋势曲线评价模型。淮河流域可持续性评价的实例结果表明了该模型在求解评价问题中的有效性。该模型同样适用于其它领域的综合评价问题。     

城中村可持续更新路径探索 ——以长沙后湖黄鹤村为例

城中村更新的方式主要有两种:一种是拆迁重建,另一种是就地整改;两种方式均难以满足城市对经济、社会、环境等多元目标的可持续发展需求,成为制约城市更新进程与效果的关键因素.基于此,引入可持续性科学理论,并借鉴管理学中"对象-主体-过程"的三维分析框架,以社区及单个项目作为研究的空间尺度,构建了城中村可持续更新模式的研究框架...     

Urban Perennials: How Diversification has Created a Sustainable Community Garden Movement in The United States

Our research seeks to understand how the contemporary community garden movement in the United States differs from its predecessors and whether its new foundation increases the political and financial sustainability of today's gardens. To this end, this article reviews historical and contemporary literature, and surveys participants in three distinctive community gardens, to answer several related research questions. First, what is the current state of the US community garden movement, and how have its historical roots shaped its response to current policy concerns? Second, which populations comprise today's community gardeners, and what motivates them to participate? After considering the findings from our three study gardens, and from a review of secondary and “gray” literature, we conclude by positing that a greater diversity of gardeners and gardening motivations, accompanied by changing leading views on urban land uses, will lead to such urban gardens remaining a more lasting feature of city neighborhood landscapes.     

Reconciling Local and Global Agendas in Sustainable Development： Participatory Research with Indigenous Andean Communities

Introduction In tracing the pioneering influences which created the 1980s participatory research movement in international agriculture, health and conserva- tion, the experiences of Latin America must be highlighted. Activist participatory research itselfwas originally inspired by Paulo Freire, the influential Brazilian educator whose pedagogical teachings have been commonplace throughout South America since the 1960s (Freire 1968, Chambers 1994a). Due to a multitude of social forces betwe…     

North Island hill country farmers' management response to issues of sustainability

Abstract:  This paper explores the impediments to optimizing the economic and environmental performance of agriculture in the North Island hill country. The work draws on a range of data sources including consolidated statistical data obtained from The New Zealand Meat and Wool Board's Economic Service (NZMWB) for all North Island hill and hard country farms for the period 1976–77 to 1996–97 and interviews in June and July 1999 with 35 farm households throughout the North Island. Despite generally low levels of profitability, there is considerable evidence that New Zealand farmers have engaged in moves to sustainability to a significant extent.     

Assessment of well design and sustainability in hard-rock formations in northern Ghana

Some of the main problems in well construction are associated with installation of casing, especially in the overburden. A total of 1,485 lined and open wells, drilled in the hard rocks of the Precambrian basement complex and Palaeozoic sedimentary (Voltaian) formations in northern Ghana were studied. Of these, 500 were directly monitored. It was observed that the surfaces within the production zones of open wells had weathered, leading to silting and reductions in depth and yield, posing physical water-quality challenges. Also, the average life span of the open wells is about 15 years. The fully lined wells, on the other hand, perform very well with time, lasting for over 40 years on average, with a more sustainable physical water quality over their life span. The comparative cost of constructing an open well was found to be about 26% less than that of a lined well due to less construction material requirements. Although open wells may be relatively cheaper than lined wells to construct in hard rocks, the life span is shorter and should not be encouraged for groundwater exploitation especially in community or rural water supply schemes.     

土地利用可持续性的度量-一种显示过程的综合方法

土地利用可持续性的度量指标应该具有时间序列性、空间敏感性、客观性和综合性,能显示趋势性和可预测性,有参照值或阈值,能表达逆转性和可控性,能正确地进行数据转化,能方便地采集和使用数据。迄今所见的指标体系,在方法上皆可归纳为枚举法和综合法。枚举法的困难是：指标体系很难穷尽所有的影响因素,又不能准确判断每一因素的影响程度,也难以有完备的数据序列。综合法避免了枚举法的困难,但目前还没有完整的时间序列,因而只能评价现状而不是过程。本文提出一种针对变化过程进行评价的指标体系,采用系统综合指标,即生产力、稳定性、恢复力、公平性、自立性、协调性,来定量地评价土地利用的可持续性,并应用于山东省莱西市案例研究。     

新疆生态经济系统的能值分析及其可持续性评估

运用能值理论与方法,对新疆1991～1999年的净能值产出率、能值投入率、环境负荷率、能值-货币比、能值使用强度、电力能值使用量比、可持续发展指数、人均能值用量和人口承载力等9个指标及其变化趋势进行分析,并与其他国家和地区的有关指标进行比较研究。分析结果表明：(1)1991～1999年新疆的净能值产出率曲线为非匀速下降趋势,从1991年的23.6下降到1999年的11.7。尽管净能值产出率有所下降,但仍然大大高于1,这表明新疆向外界输出的能值高于区外对其投入的能值,是一个资源输出型的生态经济区域;(2)新疆的可持续发展指数曲线与净能值产出率变化趋势一致,为非匀速下降趋势,从1991年的262.0下降到1999年的64.1。这表明从1991～1999年新疆的资源被开发和利用的程度有所增加,经济有了一定程度的发展,但开发程度仍较低,经济上还处于极不发达的阶段;(3)环境负荷率的变化曲线呈上升趋势。环境负荷率上升的主要原因是新疆的进口资源及劳务的能值用量增大,尽管如此,由于环境负荷率较低,因此,新疆的经济发展还有较大的潜力。     

典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局——以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例

以四川省凉山州彝族自治州(凉山州)为例,运用熵值法和聚类分析法将其生计资本划分成较高、中等和较低三级,并将各县(市)农户生计资本划分成不同的类型。在此基础上,对农户生计资本的空间格局特征进行研究,结果表明:1.生计资本的空间差异特征明显。农户生计资本分布与凉山州地理资源条件空间位置有较强的藕合性,安宁河流域的"五县一市"农户生计资本存量水平均高于其他县域;县域生计资本空间差异十分显著,农户生计资本表现出较强的空间聚集性。2.农户生计资本存量与少数民族人口空间分布呈极强的负相关,即凉山州少数民族(或彝族)集中分布区与生计资本的低值区基本相重合。3.农户生计资本存量与交通优势度之间呈强的正相关,与地形起伏度呈中度负相关。4.农户生计资本总量与农民人均纯收入之间呈极强的正相关。     

生计资产差异对农户耕地保护经济补偿模式选择的影响(英文)

With rapid urbanization and the socio-economic transformation, cultivated land protection has gradually become a major concern in China. The economic compensation plays a crucial role in promoting cultivated land protection and improving the utilization ratio of cultivated land. Farmer household's satisfaction has a great influence on the effectiveness of compensation. Therefore, households' willingness to select the economic compensation pattern for cultivated land protection has been considered and re-examined. By employing Participatory Rural Appraisal method(PRA), 3 villages and 392 households were investigated and sampled in mesa and hilly areas of Chongqing. Then a quantitative analysis framework of household livelihood hexagon has been developed to quantify the livelihood assets of different farmer households. Finally, the Gray Relation Model and Probit Regression Model have been employed to explore the coupling relationship between the household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern options. The results show that there are both qualitative and spatial heterogeneity in household livelihood assets. We found that the inequality of livelihood assets is evident for five household types. There is a spatial trend that the higher the elevation, the less livelihood assets are. In addition, their options of economic compensation pattern vary from Chengdu Pattern to Foshan Pattern due to their difference in livelihood assets and difference in location. In detail, there is a coupling relationship between household livelihood assets and their compensation pattern; negative correlation is observed between natural assets value and household pattern options, while the other livelihood assets have positive impacts on compensation pattern in varying degrees, which from the top are psychological assets, human assets, physical assets, financial assets, and social assets respectively. A conceptual compensation pattern system has been designed to meet the demands for farmer households mainly according to their shortage in livelihood assets. In addition, compensation method, compensation standard, the basis of compensation and the source of compensation funds have been proposed accordingly.