地壳深部结构探测启示与山东中生代金成矿的主要科学问题讨论

在山东省域内广泛分布有中生代形成的金矿床。涵盖胶北地块、胶南威海造山带的胶东金矿区以成矿作用强烈、赋存资源量巨大成为中国东部金成矿的典型代表,为成矿机理、成矿过程和研究对比提供了重要场所。在对胶东地区地壳深部结构探测认识进展的基础上,总结山东省中生代金成矿的时空规律,本文提出胶北地块、鲁西地块以及胶南威海造山带内中生代形成的与岩浆活动相关的内生金矿床虽具有不同成矿模式,但在成矿过程中,具有相似的成矿动力机制。通过不同构造单元内成矿模式的对比,结合已有的成矿理论和胶北地块地壳结构特征,提出在华北克拉通破坏过程中,存在以岩石圈破裂为特征的金成矿作用。成矿作用以构造体系、岩浆体系和成矿流体等要素耦合为基础,构成了各具特色的成矿系统。在阐述上述认识的基础上,本文初步梳理了进一步研究中,需要厘清和解决的部分科学问题。     

The Origin and Evolution of the Kaapvaal Cratonic Lithospheric Mantle

A detailed petrological and geochemical study of low-temperatureperidotite xenoliths from Kimberley and northern Lesotho ispresented to constrain the processes that led to the magmaphileelement depletion of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithospheric mantleand its subsequent re-enrichment in Si and incompatible traceelements. Whole-rocks and minerals have been characterized forRe–Os isotope compositions, and major and trace elementconcentrations, and garnet and clinopyroxene for Lu–Hfand Sm–Nd isotope compositions. Most samples are characterizedby Archaean Os model ages, low Al, Fe and Ca contents, highMg/Fe, low Re/Os, very low (< 0·1 x chondrite) heavyrare earth element (HREE) concentrations and a decoupling betweenNd and Hf isotope ratios. These features are most consistentwith initial melting at 3·2 Ga followed by metasomatismby hydrous fluids, which may have also caused additional meltingto produce a harzburgitic residue. The low HREE abundances ofthe peridotites require that extensive melting occurred in thespinel stability field, possibly preceded by some melting inthe presence of garnet. Fractional melting models suggest that30% melting in the spinel field or 20% melting in the garnetfield followed by 20% spinel-facies melting are required toexplain the most melt-depleted samples. Garnet Nd–Hf isotopecharacteristics indicate metasomatic trace element enrichmentduring the Archaean. We therefore suggest a model includingshallow ridge melting, followed by metasomatism of the Kaapvaalupper mantle in subduction zones surrounding cratonic nuclei,probably during amalgamation of smaller pre-existing terranesin the Late Archaean (2·9 Ga). The fluid-metasomatizedresidua have subsequently undergone localized silicate meltinfiltration that led to clinopyroxene ± garnet enrichment.Calculated equilibrium liquids for clinopyroxene and their Hf–Ndisotope compositions suggest that most diopside in the xenolithscrystallized from an infiltrating kimberlite-like melt, eitherduring Group II kimberlite magmatism at 200–110 Ma (Kimberley),or shortly prior to eruption of the host kimberlite around 90Ma (northern Lesotho). KEY WORDS: Kaapvaal craton; lithospheric mantle; metasomatism; Nd–Hf isotopes; Re–Os isotopes     

反射槽波探测煤层断层构造的应用研究

在实际煤田地球物理勘探中,常规的地面地震勘探技术无法对煤层中的小断层、陷落柱、夹矸等微幅构造体进行精细的探测。相比于地面地震勘探,槽波地震勘探直接在煤层中激发,能量强,范围大,能够精确探测煤层中的微幅构造体。笔者等针对反射槽波地震数据的特征,给出了一种有效的反射槽波地震数据精细处理技术和流程,通过对频散分析以及槽波包络叠加等关键技术进行试验研究,提高反射槽波地震数据的成像精度,进而更准确地识别煤层中小断层等微幅构造。实际煤田反射槽波的应用试验表明,反射槽波勘探准确识别出煤层中的小断层构造,验证了反射槽波勘探技术的实用性以及本文反射槽波地震数据处理技术的有效性。     

Diffraction imaging by prestack reverse‐time migration in the dip‐angle domain

Prestack image volumes may be decomposed into specular and non‐specular parts by filters defined in the dip‐angle domain. For space‐shift extended image volumes, the dip‐angle decomposition is derived via local Radon transform in depth and midpoint coordinates, followed by an averaging over space‐shifts. We propose to employ prestack space‐shift extended reverse‐time migration and dip‐angle decomposition for imaging small‐scale structural elements, considered as seismic diffractors, in models with arbitrary complexity. A suitable design of a specularity filter in the dip‐angle domain rejects the dominant reflectors and enhances diffractors and other non‐specular image content. The filter exploits a clear discrimination in dip between specular reflections and diffractions. The former are stationary at the specular dip, whereas the latter are non‐stationary without a preferred dip direction. While the filtered image volume features other than the diffractor images (for example, noise and truncation artefacts are also present), synthetic and field data examples suggest that diffractors tend to dominate and are readily recognisable. Averaging over space‐shifts in the filter construction makes the reflectors? rejection robust against migration velocity errors. Another consequence of the space‐shift extension and its angle‐domain transforms is the possibility of exploring the image in a multiple set of common‐image gathers. The filtered diffractions may be analysed simultaneously in space‐shift, scattering‐angle, and dip‐angle image gathers by means of a single migration job. The deliverables of our method obviously enrich the processed material on the interpreter's desk. We expect them to further supplement our understanding of the Earth's interior.     

Rapid Determination of Complete Distribution of Pore and Throat in Tight Oil Sandstone of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, China

This study aimed to investigate the complete distribution of reservoir space in tight oil sandstone combining casting slices, field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), the pore-throat theory model, high-resolution image processing, mathematical statistics, and other technical means. Results of reservoir samples from the Xin'anbian area of Ordos Basin showed that the total pore radius curve of the tight oil sandstone reservoir exhibited a multi-peak distribution, and the peaks appeared to be more focused on the ends of the range. This proved that pores with a radius of 1–50,000 nm provided the most significant storage space for tight oil, indicating that special attention should be paid to this range of the pore size distribution. Meanwhile, the complete throat radius curve of the tight oil sandstone reservoir exhibited a multipeak distribution. However, the peak values were distributed throughout the scales. This confirmed that the throat radius in the tight oil sandstone reservoir was not only in the range of hundreds of nanometers but was also widely distributed in the scale approximately equal to the pore size. The new rapid determination method could provide a precise theoretical basis for the comprehensive evaluation, exploration, and development of a tight oil sandstone reservoir.     

结节性硬化症的影像学表现

目的分析结节性硬化症的影像学表现。材料与方法回顾性分析30例临床和病理证实的结节性硬化症的影像学表现。结果CT发现25例室管膜下钙化,2例实质内钙化,1例合并巨细胞星形细胞瘤及梗阻性脑积水。MRI发现3例室管膜下未钙化结节。B超发现2例双肾多发血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,其中1例同时有肝血管瘤。结论室管膜下和/或皮质钙化、未钙化结节及双肾多发血管平滑肌脂肪瘤是非常重要的诊断结节性硬化的征象,结合临床三联征能准确诊断。     

基于深度加权的多分量重力梯度数据联合相关成像方法

针对重力勘探中相关成像存在纵向分辨率较低的问题,提出基于深度加权的多分量重力梯度数据联合相关成像方法。与重力异常数据相比,重力梯度数据具有更高的信噪比、包含更多的频率信息。因此,本文在相关成像原理基础上联合多分量重力梯度数据,引入基于先验信息的深度加权函数,通过对研究区域进行划分,进一步提高深度加权效果。利用长方体组合理论模型确定了最佳梯度数据组合,验证了深度加权函数能够提高纵向成像效果;提出的方法还被证明具有抗噪性。将该方法应用于文顿盐丘区域的实测重力梯度数据,结果能够清晰地显示盖岩的位置。     

Early Paleozoic mantle evolution of East Kunlun Orogenic Belt in Qinghai,NW China: evidence from the geochemistry and geochronology of the Late Ordovician to Late Silurian mafic-ultramafic rocks in the Qimantag region

ABSTRACT

Subduction-related basaltic rocks in active continental margins should record information about the lithospheric mantle. Mafic rocks from the Qimantag region of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB), NW China, can be used to constrain the evolution of mantle sources. The Heishan basalts (445 Ma) and Xiarihamu gabbros (427 Ma) display distinct geochemical and isotopic features, with basalts yielding relatively lower Na₂O+K₂O (1.48–4.16 wt.%) and Mg^# (0.50–0.57) than gabbros (Na₂O+K₂O = 2.96–4.07 wt.%, Mg^# = 0.65–0.81). Although the basalts and gabbros show similar enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE, the gabbros have higher Th/Y and lower Sm/Th and Nb/U ratios than the basalts, indicative of derivation from a more enriched mantle source. The Heishan basalts have relatively positive εNd(t) values (+4.7 to +5.8) whereas the Xiarihamu gabbros have negative εNd(t) values ranging from ?5.5 to ?3.8. Crustal contamination played an insignificant role in the formation of the basalts and gabbros. Our data suggest that the basalts originated from a depleted mantle source, slightly enriched by subduction-related fluids, whereas the gabbros originated from an enriched mantle source. These findings support a subduction-related progressive lithospheric mantle enrichment model over ~20 Ma beneath the Qimantag region in the Early Palaeozoic.     

恒星形成区NGC7538中的分子氢发射

报告在ＮＧＣ７５３８中利用Ｈ２（２．１２μｍ）发射线测新发现的两个喷流和１８个近红外ＨＨ天体,在ＩＲＳ１－３星云中观测到了强Ｈ２发射壳层结构环绕在星云的北边。星云中红外源的ＵＶ辐射场的外流活动都可能导致这一Ｈ２发射。在ＨＲＳ１－３星云的南边和东边探测到了５个Ｈ２ｋｎｏｔｓ．在ＩＲＳ１南边发现的Ｈ２喷流暗示该区域有一个南北向的外流,在ＩＲＳ１１星团的周围发现了９个Ｈ２ｈｎｏｔｓ．在西北－东南方向和东     

高分辨显微CT技术进展

显微CT是一种新型的采用X射线成像原理进行高分辨三维成像的设备。可以在不破坏样品的情况下,对骨骼、牙齿和各种生物材料等离体标本进行高分辨三维成像。近年来,更多地用于小动物活体成像,用于药物开发,肿瘤病理学和基因显型研究。本文围绕显微CT的技术手段进行综述,总结了它的现状和几个重要发展方向,高成像对比度、超高分辨率、快速实时以及多模态成像。