四川盆地西部新场地区上三叠统须家河组二段构造裂缝的分布规律

川西坳陷新场地区上三叠统须家河组二段气藏具有储层致密、低孔隙度、低渗透率的特点,裂缝对储层具有非常重要的意义。通过电成像测井的手段,对工区内7口重点井须家河组二段发育的天然裂缝资料进行统计分析,得出下列结论：(1) 该层位裂缝主要有3组：T3末期的NE—SW向裂缝,K1末期的NW—SE向裂缝,N-Q时期的ESE—WNW至ENE—WSW向裂缝;(2)从线密度横向分布的角度分析,大致表现为距离断裂系统越近的位置裂缝的线密度越大的特点;(3) 主要发育低角度以及高角度斜交裂缝,水平缝发育较少,垂直缝不发育;(4) 裂缝线密度的不均质性较强;(5) 中砂岩是裂缝的主要载体,裂缝在粗砂岩、中砂岩中发育得更好,页岩最不利于裂缝发育;(6) 粗砂岩中发育裂缝的井均没有表现出明显的裂缝随层厚的增加而增多的趋势,中砂岩、细砂岩和页岩中裂缝随层厚的增加而增多的特点并不具有普遍意义,有些井细砂岩中发育的裂缝表现出不随层厚的变化而发生较大变化的特点。     

浙江景宁岩体岩石地球化学特征与LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄

浙江景宁岩体位于中国东南沿海大陆边缘活动带,受丽水—余姚断裂控制,呈近南北向展布,主要岩石类型为二长花岗岩、花岗岩和闪长岩。对景宁岩体中的二长花岗岩和花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及岩石地球化学分析。研究结果显示,二长花岗岩和花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为121.3±0.3Ma和111.0±0.7Ma。岩体的岩石地球化学成分显示出富硅、富碱、低镁的特征,铝饱和指数介于1.01~1.09之间,分异指数为84.85~96.35,轻重稀土元素分馏显著,具有明显的负Eu异常,属于典型的弱过铝质高分异I型花岗岩。综合年代学和岩石地球化学特征,认为景宁岩体是早白垩世晚期岩石圈大规模伸展构造背景下地壳部分熔融的产物。     

遥感大数据条件下多星一体化处理与分析

中国对地观测数据获取量持续增加,已步入遥感大数据时代,开展多星一体化数据处理与应用已成为发展趋势。文章从成像处理与信息提取两个方面系统回顾了技术发展过程,剖析了现有前沿方法的优势和特点,指出成像处理领域建立统一处理模型、信息提取领域建立高效学习模型面临的主要挑战。在此基础上,结合实际应用需求,提出了遥感大数据条件下多星一体化处理与分析的新思路,重点阐述了多星一体化处理与分析的基本概念、科学问题与解决方案,通过构建基于生成对抗网络的多星一体化成像处理模型与记忆保持的多任务特征共享与小样本增量学习模型,综合利用不同卫星和载荷间、不同任务和目标间信息,实现高质量图像产品的生成与高精度标注结果的提取。文末给出了技术途径和初步试验验证,并展望后续技术攻关方向。     

塔里木盆地深层、超深层白云岩优质储集层测井预测*

塔里木盆地寒武系白云岩是深层、超深层油气勘探的重要接替层系,但该套白云岩具有时代古老、埋藏深、成岩和构造演化复杂的特征,亟需在揭示储集层成因基础上建立不同成因白云岩储集层配套测井评价方法。由此通过岩心、薄片观察,结合常规和成像测井首先从储集层孔隙成因角度出发,识别出“岩溶改造型”和“沉积相控型”两大类白云岩。岩溶改造型白云岩储集层质量受岩溶相带控制,纵向可划分出表层岩溶带、垂直渗流带、水平潜流带和深部缓流带4个岩溶相带。沉积相控型白云岩储集层物性则受沉积相带控制,颗粒滩等高能沉积相决定了储集层质量。通过岩心刻度常规和成像测井分别建立岩溶相带以及沉积微相的测井识别模式与准则,实现了单井岩溶相带和沉积微相的测井识别与划分。最后在岩溶相带和沉积微相约束下实现单井白云岩储集层综合评价以及有利发育区带预测。岩溶改造型白云岩储集层,其垂直渗流带与水平潜流带分别以高角度裂缝和水平溶蚀孔洞为主要特征,可形成有利储集体发育的缝洞系统。沉积相控型白云岩,其中的颗粒滩和云坪高能相带原始孔隙发育,且也有利于进一步溶蚀,因此物性较好。研究成果可为深层、超深层白云岩有利储集层分布预测提供理论指导和技术支撑。     

机载高光谱成像技术在长江经济带苏、皖、浙地区生态环境保护中的应用

机载高光谱成像是一种快速、无损的检测技术,具有光谱分辨率高、波段窄而多和图谱合一的特点。国内小型化的机载高光谱成像仪主要依赖进口,价格昂贵,且高性能的高光谱设备进口困难,限制了高光谱技术在国内的推广和普及。中国地质调查局南京地质调查中心在国家重大仪器开发专项和国家重点研发计划支持下,成功研制出以推扫式小型化成像光谱仪HMS400/1000为核心的轻型机载高光谱成像系统SSMap,建立了机载高光谱遥感综合调查技术方法和作业流程,形成了一套可靠的地物分类方法和水土污染光谱定量反演模型。本文在介绍机载高光谱成像技术基本原理和分析国内外研究现状的基础上,以自主研发的机载高光谱成像系统SSMap为例,结合长江经济带生态环境的需求,详细探讨了总面积4500余km²的航空高光谱遥感作业方法、信息提取与调查应用。通过长江经济带江苏、安徽、浙江等地区的生态环境地质调查应用示范,取得了高质量的机载遥感数据,获得了一批重要调查成果。研究表明,机载高光谱成像技术在生态环境调查、水体监测、土地利用和土地质量评价等方面具广阔应用前景。具有自主知识产权的国产化机载高光谱成像仪降低了采购成本,推动了机载高光谱技术普及,服务了国家重大区域发展战略,具有显著的经济和社会效益。     

Thermal Lithospheric Thickness of the Sichuan Basin and its Geological Implications

Thermal lithospheric thickness is an important parameter in studying the tectonic-thermal evolution of basins and plate dynamics. Based on the measured geothermal data and thermophysical properties of the rocks, the thermal lithospheric thickness of the Sichuan Basin was calculated according to the principles of heat conduction in the crust and lithospheric mantle. The calculation results revealed that the thickness of the thermal lithosphere in the Sichuan Basin is 140–190 km and is unevenly distributed. The thickness of the thermal lithosphere in central Sichuan and southwestern Sichuan is less than 160 km, while that in the western Sichuan depression and eastern Sichuan is larger (~180 km). The distribution of the thermal lithospheric thickness in the basin has a good correlation with the geological units and the thickness of the sedimentary layers. The thickness of the thermal lithosphere in the depression area, which has thick sedimentary layers and the fault-fold zone with shallow crustal deformation and thickening, are larger than that in the basement uplifted area, which has thin sedimentary layers. The calculated thermal lithospheric thickness is in good agreement with the geophysical data and reflects the stable conduction temperature field in the Sichuan Basin. The present thermal regime and thermal lithospheric thickness of the Sichuan Basin indicate that flexural thickening of the lithosphere occurred in the eastern Sichuan fault-fold belt and the Longmen Mountain–Western Sichuan depression foreland basin system, while asthenospheric uplift occurred in the central Sichuan region, which were the result of the expansion of the Xuefeng orogeny from the east and the compression of the Tibetan Plateau from the west.     

Unsupervised ore/waste classification on open-cut mine faces using close-range hyperspectral data

The remote mapping of minerals and discrimination of ore and waste on surfaces are important tasks for geological applications such as those in mining. Such tasks have become possible using ground-based, close-range hyperspectral sensors which can remotely measure the reflectance properties of the environment with high spatial and spectral resolution. However, autonomous mapping of mineral spectra measured on an open-cut mine face remains a challenging problem due to the subtleness of differences in spectral absorption features between mineral and rock classes as well as variability in the illumination of the scene. An additional layer of difficulty arises when there is no annotated data available to train a supervised learning algorithm. A pipeline for unsupervised mapping of spectra on a mine face is proposed which draws from several recent advances in the hyperspectral machine learning literature. The proposed pipeline brings together unsupervised and self-supervised algorithms in a unified system to map minerals on a mine face without the need for human-annotated training data. The pipeline is evaluated with a hyperspectral image dataset of an open-cut mine face comprising mineral ore martite and non-mineralised shale. The combined system is shown to produce a superior map to its constituent algorithms, and the consistency of its mapping capability is demonstrated using data acquired at two different times of day.     

青海省都兰县阿斯哈金矿区HySpex高光谱矿物填图及其找矿意义

地面成像高光谱遥感具有图谱合一的优势,能够根据光谱特征进行地物的直接识别,是遥感领域的前沿方向。本文针对青海省都兰县阿斯哈金矿区蚀变带,建立了HySpex地面成像高光谱数据的标准处理流程,采用基于统计学模型的平场域法进行了光谱重建,基于专家知识选取了端元光谱,利用MTMF方法开展了矿物填图,在此基础上制作了阿斯哈金矿区蚀变带比例尺1∶100的真彩色图像和褐铁矿、绢云母等5种地物的高光谱地物分布图。总结出阿斯哈金矿区标志性蚀变矿物为褐铁矿和绢云母,并对提取出的地物进行了野外实地ASD光谱测量验证,符合程度好。阿斯哈金矿区HySpex地面成像高光谱数据应用实践表明该数据在地质领域具有较好的应用效果和广泛的前景。     

Dip variations of the North American and North Caribbean Plates dominate the tectonic activity of Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands and adjacent areas

The M 7.0 Haiti earthquake of 2010 in the Greater Antilles is a reminder that the northeastern Caribbean is at a high risk for seismic and tsunami hazards. The Greater Antilles consist of the Hispaniola microplate to the west and Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands to the east and are situated between two subduction zones with the Puerto Rico Trench to the north and the Muertos Trough to the south. Although there is no active volcanism on Puerto Rico, earthquake depths and previous seismic tomography results imply that the slabs of Caribbean and North American Plates exist at depth. However, how far the east Muertos Trough subduction of the North Caribbean Plate has extended has not been fully addressed. In addition, the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands are bounded by extensional regimes to both the west (Mona Rift) and east (Anegada Passage). The cause of the extension is still under debate. In this paper, we use new 3D seismic tomography and gravity data to carry out an integrated study of the geometry of the subducting slabs of the North American and North Caribbean Plates in the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands area. The results indicate that both slabs have an increase of dip westward, which is strongly controlled by the subduction rollback of the North American Plate. These variations affected the tectonic evolution of the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands. Thus, the results of this research advance our understanding of the kinematic evolution of the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands and associated natural hazards. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向对象的多源数据建筑物提取

建筑物是城市的重要标志之一,综合利用LiDAR数据和高分辨率遥感影像可以充分发挥不同数据源中提取建筑物的优势。本文基于面向对象分类理论,利用机载LiDAR数据和GeoEye高空间分辨率遥感影像,在多尺度分割的基础上对实验区分类并提取建筑物,进而对提取结果进行精度评价。实验表明,将LiDAR数据与高分辨率影像数据结合能够很好地提取建筑物,建筑物提取精度达89.28%。