Construction of Wide Field Cryogenic Telescope

We constructed a wide field cryogenic telescope (WFCT) containing a whole Ritchey-Chrétien system and a focal plane array in a cryostat for near infrared observations to cover the field of view of 0.4°. The telescope has a primary mirror of 220 mm and an engineering grade 256 × 256 InSb array. The optical components such as two mirrors, filters, spiders, and radiation shield tube are cooled down to 180 K as well as the InSb array to 35 K by a mechanical refrigerator. We show the results of the background surface brightnesses and the limiting magnitudes at 3.3 and 3.67 μm measured at Sutherland, South Africa. We describe the on-going upgrade of this instrument, equipped with a 1024 × 1024 ALADDIN InSb science grade array. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Further variability of the compact radio nebula of P Cygni

Skinner et al. presented two high-resolution 6-cm (5 GHz) images of the B-supergiant star P Cygni. These show the observed morphology and flux densities to have changed over the intervening month. Following on from this, we present a series of seven high-resolution 6-cm images (including re-reductions of the two from Skinner et al.). These confirm that radio emission from the inner 400 mas of the wind is inhomogeneous, consisting usually of several separated bright spots, and that the total and peak flux densities and the observed morphology vary over all time-scales sampled. We suggest that recombination in cooling clumps of gas which will decrease the radio emission, followed by the appearance of other ionized clumps, could explain such rapid changes, but detailed models must await further observations.     

共深度点勘探与地震映像勘探在第四系覆盖层较薄地区的应用研究

对两处第四系覆盖层较薄场地（一般小于50m）进行共深度点勘探和地震映像勘探。结果表明在第四系覆盖层较薄地区地震映像勘探效果优于共深度点勘探。     

车载GPS／IMU／LS激光成像系统外方位元素的动态标定

提出一种带有微小转角修正的车载激光成像系统外方位元素标定方法.针对全球定位系统(GPS)、惯性测量单元(IMU)和激光扫描仪(LS)集成的车载激光成像系统(车载移动测绘系统),该方法使用6个微小旋转角参数和6个微小平移参数对传统标定模型参数进行修正.试验数据表明,方法可对系统的安装误差和时间同步误差进行有效改正.     

On determining the geometric and kinematic characteristics of coherent flow structures over a gravel bed: a new approach using combined PLIF‐PIV

In gravel‐bed rivers, the microtopography of the bed is known to exert a significant influence on the generation of turbulent flow structures that owe their origin to fluid shear generated near the bed. Although field and laboratory measurements have indicated that flows over gravel beds contain a range of coherent flow structures, the kinematic and dynamic properties of these structures are still poorly understood. This paper describes a new experimental methodology to quantify simultaneously both the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of coherent flow structures based upon combined planar laser‐induced fluorescence and particle imaging velocimetry (PLIF‐PIV). The results confirm that the primary generative mechanism of coherent flow structures is at the bed, where merging hairpin vortices form around bed clasts and generate larger‐scale fluid motions that advect downstream. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of entrapped residual air bubbles on tracer transport in heterogeneous soil: Magnetic resonance imaging study

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study the process of infiltration and solute transport in an undisturbed soil sample of coarse sandy loam. The sample was subjected to the recurrent ponded infiltration (RPI) experiment, which was carried out in order to assess the changes in the entrapped air volume and its impact on steady state flow rates and solute breakthrough. The main stages of the first and second experimental RPI runs were monitored using an MRI sequence that follows both water density and magnetic relaxation. In a steady state stage of each experimental run a nickel nitrate pulse was injected in order to visualize the solute breakthrough. Effluent from the sample was collected for chemical analysis and a breakthrough curve of the nickel was constructed. To obtain information about the soil structure and to reveal potential preferential pathways, the soil sample was scanned using computed tomography. The local nickel ion transport breakthrough was evaluated from MR images in a series of local observation points distributed along the selected preferential pathways.The preferential flow instability phenomenon with the emphasis on air bubble formation was shown by detecting a 60% decrease of the steady state infiltration rate. The detailed analyses of MRI measurements at observation points revealed air bubble formation, producing a flow rate decrease accompanied by redirection of nickel ion transport trajectories. By analyzing M0 maps it was found that the volumetric water content decrease was 2.2%.     

Differential rotation of cool active stars: the case of intermediate rotators

In this paper, we present a new method for measuring the surface differential rotation of cool stars with rotation periods of a few days, for which the sparse phase coverage achievable from single-site observations generally prevents the use of more conventional techniques. The basic idea underlying this new analysis is to obtain the surface differential rotation pattern that minimizes the information content of the reconstructed Doppler image through a simultaneous fit of all available data.
Simulations demonstrate that the performance of this new method in the case of cool stars is satisfactory for a variety of observing strategies. Differential rotation parameters can be recovered reliably as long as the total data set spans at least 4 per cent of the time for the equator to lap the pole by approximately one complete cycle. We find in particular that these results hold for potentially complex spot distributions (as long as they include a mixture of low- and high-latitude features), and for various stellar inclination angles and rotation velocities. Such measurements can be obtained from either unpolarized or polarized data sets, provided their signal-to-noise ratio is larger than approximately 500 and 5000 per 2 km s⁻¹ spectral bin, respectively.
This method should therefore be very useful for investigating differential rotation in a much larger sample of objects than what has been possible up to now, and should hence give us the opportunity of studying how differential rotation reacts to various phenomena operating in stellar convective zones, such as tidal effects or dynamo magnetic field generation.     

华北地区重力和地形及其对克拉通破坏深部过程的约束

以重力和地形数据研究现今华北克拉通区域岩石圈热化学结构,探讨华北克拉通破坏过程。首先计算自由空气重力异常、布格重力异常、Airy均衡重力异常;再利用地震学莫霍面观测从地形和布格异常中扣除对应部分,计算残余重力异常及残余地形;最后对残余重力异常进行剩余密度反演。结果表明：1）华北克拉通中、东部存在浮力;2）克拉通东部由温度效应引起的密度负扰动效应略强于化学组分差异引起的密度正扰动;3）现今华北克拉通东部是古老克拉通型地幔和新生正常地幔的混合物,约保留50%~60%古老克拉通地幔成分;4）由重力和密度约束得到的混合地幔结果支持前人提出的多期幕式拆沉的华北克拉通深部破坏过程。     

宽甸橄榄岩包体微区地球化学特征及其岩石圈地幔演化

华北克拉通东部宽甸新生代碱性玄武岩中携带的地幔橄榄岩包体为我们认识该地区岩石圈地幔性质和演化过程提供了约束。根据橄榄石的Mg^#可将宽甸橄榄岩包体分成两类: 第1类为低Mg^#二辉橄榄岩包体(橄榄石Mg^#相对较低: 89.8～90.3),其单斜辉石具有高TiO₂(0.38%～0.57%)、Al₂O₃(4.41%～6.87%)、FeO_T(2.46%～3.73%)、MnO(0.08%～0.11%)含量和低Cr^#(7.42～14.2)的特征,它们所经历的部分熔融程度较低,这些特征类似于中国东部晚白垩世和新生代玄武岩中低Mg^#橄榄岩,代表了新生饱满的岩石圈地幔;第2类为高Mg^#方辉橄榄岩包体(橄榄石Mg^#相对较高:91.0～92.3),其单斜辉石具有低TiO₂(0.03%～0.33%)、Al₂O₃(2.27%～5.49%)、FeO_T(2.04%～2.40%)、MnO(0.07%～0.08%)含量和高Cr^#(15.3～25.8)的特征,它们经历了较高程度的部分熔融作用,其难熔的地球化学特征完全不同于低Mg^#二辉橄榄岩,却与克拉通内部太古宙和元古宙地幔包体类似,代表了古老难熔岩石圈地幔的残留。两类橄榄岩包体的平衡温度没有显著差异说明宽甸岩石圈地幔不存在明显的分层现象,而是新老岩石圈地幔混杂出现。宽甸橄榄岩包体的微量元素特征表明了它们受到过多期复杂的地幔交代作用,交代介质类型不仅有硅酸盐熔/流体还有碳酸盐熔体,其来源既有太平洋板块俯冲释放的熔/流体,又有因受太平洋板块俯冲扰动而上涌的软流圈熔体,因此太平洋板块俯冲可能对华北克拉通的破坏起到了重要作用。