Least‐squares reverse‐time migration in a matrix‐based formulation

This paper describes least‐squares reverse‐time migration. The method provides the exact adjoint operator pair for solving the linear inverse problem, thereby enhancing the convergence of gradient‐based iterative linear inversion methods. In this formulation, modified source wavelets are used to correct the source signature imprint in the predicted data. Moreover, a roughness constraint is applied to stabilise the inversion and reduce high‐wavenumber artefacts. It is also shown that least‐squares migration implicitly applies a deconvolution imaging condition. Three numerical experiments illustrate that this method is able to produce seismic reflectivity images with higher resolution, more accurate amplitudes, and fewer artefacts than conventional reverse‐time migration. The methodology is currently feasible in 2‐D and can naturally be extended to 3‐D when computational resources become more powerful.     

Poststack diffraction imaging using reverse‐time migration

We propose a method for imaging small‐scale diffraction objects in complex environments in which Kirchhoff‐based approaches may fail. The proposed method is based on a separation between the specular reflection and diffraction components of the total wavefield in the migrated surface angle domain. Reverse‐time migration was utilized to produce the common image gathers. This approach provides stable and robust results in cases of complex velocity models. The separation is based on the fact that, in surface angle common image gathers, reflection events are focused at positions that correspond to the apparent dip angle of the reflectors, whereas diffracted events are distributed over a wide range of angles. The high‐resolution radon‐based procedure is used to efficiently separate the reflection and diffraction wavefields. In this study, we consider poststack diffraction imaging. The advantages of working in the poststack domain are its numerical efficiency and the reduced computational time. The numerical results show that the proposed method is able to image diffraction objects in complex environments. The application of the method to a real seismic dataset illustrates the capability of the approach to extract diffractions.     

石油工程水平最大地应力分析技术

系统总结了应用井壁破坏信息计算水平最大地应力的基本原理,在此基础上,编制了水平最大地应力分析流程。具体实例分析表明,该方法理论依据扎实可靠,分析流程清晰明确,操作过程简便易行。建议在我国石油工业推广应用。      

含脂肪原发性肝癌的影像诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨CT与MRI对含脂肪原发性肝癌的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析我院病理证实的22例含脂肪原发性肝癌的CT、MRI表现。结果：22例含脂肪肝癌中,巨块型16例,结节型4例,弥漫型2例。肿瘤单发17例,多发5例;5例多发肿瘤内均只有1个含脂肪病灶,共有含脂肪肿瘤22个。18例肿瘤以实质成分为主,肿瘤内脂肪呈散在、小簇状分布;4例肿瘤以脂肪成分为主,瘤内脂肪呈球状表现,实质成分较少。CT显示肿瘤内斑片状、球状脂肪密度影,MRI脂肪抑制序列及化学位移梯度回波序列正反相位均明确显示脂肪的存在。22例动态增强扫描均较好地显示“快进快出”的影像强化特征,其中15例显示肿瘤假性包膜。结论：CT、MRI能较好显示原发性肝癌的影像特征及肿瘤内所含的脂肪组织,对诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

弥散加权成像评价直肠癌淋巴结转移的价值

目的：探讨MR弥散加权成像诊断直肠癌淋巴结转移的价值。方法：62例经病理证实直肠癌患者行MRI常规序列扫描及DWI,测量淋巴结ADC值,根据病理结果将MRI检出的淋巴结分为转移性和良性淋巴结两组,将盆腔淋巴结MRI诊断结果与手术病理结果相对照,比较两组淋巴结的ADC值差异是否有统计学意义。结果：共测量225个淋巴结ADC值,b值为800s／mm2,转移性淋巴结组平均ADC值为（0．76±0．15）×10^-3mm2／s,良性淋巴结组平均ADC值为（1．16±0．14）×10^-3mm2／s,两组平均ADC值差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ADC值以1．0×10×10^-3mm2／s为阈值,判断转移性淋巴结与良性淋巴结时,灵敏度、特异度及准确度分别为：94．53％、91．62％和93．45％。结论：弥散加权成像诊断直肠癌淋巴结转移具有较大临床价值。     

多模态影像技术在临床中的应用进展

自人类进入20世纪后,知识结构呈现信息爆炸征象,各项技术迅速发展。PET、PET/CT、PET/MRI、SPECT、SPECT/CT等仪器、技术得以广泛应用,并在疾病诊治等方面取得重大进展。因疾病发生机制较为复杂,各种模态信息量相对单一及片面,存在其自身局限性,使得即使拥有如此多模态的影像技术,仍无法完全实现对复杂疾病的精确评估。故此不同模态图像的信息融合使得信息互补及交叉验证成为可能。该文主要介绍多模态影像技术的发展及应用进展。     

高能双能X射线DR成像及物质识别技术综述

本文关注的是高能双能X射线透视成像以及成像中物体的识别和检测,按照从单能到低能双能再到高能双能的发展脉络介绍了双能X射线DR成像技术背景,详细阐述了高能双能X射线DR成像物质识别原理方法、技术特点和针对性改进,着重讨论了该方法能够用于物质识别的本质,并介绍了该领域面临的挑战和最新进展。     

一种基于平面波静态编码的最小二乘逆时偏移方法

平面波偏移是一种面炮偏移方法,相对于常规逐炮偏移,其具有较高的计算效率.然而常规平面波偏移方法成像精度低,且成像时会产生串扰噪音.为此,本文在实现常规平面波偏移算法基础上,引入反演思想实现了基于静态平面波编码的最小二乘偏移理论方法及处理流程,在优化算法基础上对平层模型和复杂砂砾断块模型进行了成像测试并与其他成像策略进行对比.研究结果表明:基于时移编码的平面波最小二乘偏移能有效抑制低频成像噪音和串扰噪音,补偿中深部成像能量,是一种较为有效的保幅成像策略.     

复杂地表条件下叠前菲涅尔束偏移方法

高斯束偏移虽然克服了Kirchhoff偏移不能处理多波至和单程波动方程偏移不能对陡倾构造准确成像的问题,但在复杂地表条件下其偏移精度取决于所选择的初始束宽度,即当初始宽度较小时,近地表成像精度较高,但此时中深层成像质量较差;反之当初始宽度较大时,中深层成像质量提高,但近地表成像精度降低.针对高斯束偏移中深层和浅层成像精度的矛盾,本文发展了一种适用于陆地复杂地表条件的叠前菲涅尔束偏移方法.基于惠更斯-菲涅尔原理,本文首先给出了菲涅尔束的概念及其表征的格林函数,并采用有效邻域波场近似理论和反褶积成像条件,导出了复杂地表条件下叠前保幅深度偏移公式.最后,针对常规旁轴射线追踪中的数值噪音,给出了一种压制策略.同高斯束偏移相比,本文方法不仅解决了中深层和浅层成像精度的矛盾,而且提高了复杂地表条件下平面波的分解精度,使得偏移结果更加准确可靠.典型的模型算例验证了本文方法的有效性和稳健性.     

Diffraction imaging by uniform asymptotic theory and double exponential fitting

Seismic diffracted waves carry valuable information for identifying geological discontinuities. Unfortunately, the diffraction energy is generally too weak, and standard seismic processing is biased to imaging reflection. In this paper, we present a dynamic diffraction imaging method with the aim of enhancing diffraction and increasing the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The correlation between diffraction amplitudes and their traveltimes generally exists in two forms, with one form based on the Kirchhoff integral formulation, and the other on the uniform asymptotic theory. However, the former will encounter singularities at geometrical shadow boundaries, and the latter requires the computation of a Fresnel integral. Therefore, neither of these methods is appropriate for practical applications. Noting the special form of the Fresnel integral, we propose a least‐squares fitting method based on double exponential functions to study the amplitude function of diffracted waves. The simple form of the fitting function has no singularities and can accelerate the calculation of diffraction amplitude weakening coefficients. By considering both the fitting weakening function and the polarity reversal property of the diffracted waves, we modify the conventional Kirchhoff imaging conditions and formulate a diffraction imaging formula. The mechanism of the proposed diffraction imaging procedure is based on the edge diffractor, instead of the idealized point diffractor. The polarity reversal property can eliminate the background of strong reflection and enhance the diffraction by same‐phase summation. Moreover,the fitting weakening function of diffraction amplitudes behaves like an inherent window to optimize the diffraction imaging aperture by its decaying trend. Synthetic and field data examples reveal that the proposed diffraction imaging method can meet the requirement of high‐resolution imaging, with the edge diffraction fully reinforced and the strong reflection mostly eliminated.