海上气田气井排液采气技术应用及发展浅谈

目前国内海上气田排液采气工艺措施主要分成两类,一类是可以较长时问采用的工艺技术,主要以连续和间歇气举为主,一类是临时采用的工艺技术,主要有固体泡排和连续油管作业。从排液采气工艺技术应用来看,已经取得了一定的效果,但仍未形成成套技术系列,应用范围受限较大。而受海上气田平台操作空间、气田流体性质、气田完井工艺以及措施成本等各方面的影响,陆地上常用泡沫排水、柱塞气举、小油管排液采气等技术在海上平台应用还有很多瓶颈无法实施。针对目前海上天然气开发实际,初步提出了下阶段可能在海上气田可以适用的排水采气工艺技术和发展方向。     

基于反相C8色谱柱的海洋浮游藻色素高效液相色谱分析方法有效性验证

对一种海洋浮游藻色素高效液相色谱分析方法进行了有效性验证。该方法使用反相C8色谱柱,以甲醇、乙腈和丙酮为流动相,并在流动相中添加吡啶/醋酸溶液作为修饰剂改善色素峰的分离效果。结果表明,4种色素标准在一定的浓度范围内线性关系良好,叶绿素a的线性范围为189.6~18 960μg/L,叶绿素b为89.2~8 920μg/L,β,β-胡萝卜素为7.77~777.2μg/L,叶黄素为15.28~1 528μg/L。除β,β-胡萝卜素外各色素标准的回收率在不同浓度下均在90%以上,相对标准偏差也普遍低于5%。在4个参考藻种和123个胶州湾现场样品中共检测出37种色素,一些关键的特征色素均获得了良好的分离效果。该方法操作简便,具有分离度好、灵敏度高、重复性好、回收率高等优点,适用于培养的藻种和现场样品中的海洋浮游藻色素分析。     

Detection of 36 antibiotics in coastal waters using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Among pharmaceuticals and personal care products released into the aquatic environment, antibiotics are of particular concern, because of their ubiquity and health effects. Although scientists have recently paid more attention to the threat of antibiotics to coastal ecosystems, researchers have often focused on relatively few antibiotics, because of the absence of suitable analytical methods. We have therefore developed a method for the rapid detection of 36 antibiotic residues in coastal waters, including tetracyclines (TCs), sulfanilamides (SAs), and quinolones (QLs). The method consists of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. The SPE was performed with Oasis HLB and Oasis MCX cartridges. Chromatographic separation on a C18 column was achieved using a binary eluent containing methanol and water with 0.1% formic acid. Typical recoveries of the analytes ranged from 67.4% to 109.3% at a fortification level of 100 ng/L. The precision of the method, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD), was below 14.6% for all the compounds. The limits of detection (LODs) varied from 0.45 pg to 7.97 pg. The method was applied to determine the target analytes in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea in Liaoning, China. Among the tested antibiotics, 31 were found in coastal waters, with their concentrations between the LOD and 212.5 ng/L. These data indicate that this method is valid for analysis of antibiotics in coastal waters. The study first reports such a large number of antibiotics along the Yellow Sea coast of Liaoning, and should facilitate future comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics in coastal ecosystems.     

陕西华清池温泉热储温度的估算

本文以华清池泉水化学成分为例,采用水—岩化学平衡计算的方法,进行了热储温度估算。根据9种矿物平衡温度的统计结果,得出华清池温泉深部热储温度为53.44±6.11℃。这和温泉附近几个热水孔的温度测定结果是基本一致的。     

Effect of anthropogenic CO2 on the pH and the saturation states of calcite and aragonite of seawater

Growth of phytoplankton, zooplankton and probably most other marine organisms as well, is likely to be affected by the pH of seawater. Growth of calcareous shells and skeletons is less likely to be affected by the saturation states of calcite and aragonite but the dissolution is. The increase of CO₂ in the oceans due to burning of fossil fuel and clearing of forests is decreasing the pH of seawater and the degrees of saturation for calcite and aragonite wordwide. This paper presents the results of the first attempt to estimate the vertical distribution of anthropogenic CO₂, and the decreases in pH and the degrees of saturation of calcite and aragonite in seawater near Taiwan. Most effects are very small except for the possible dissolution of aragonite on the upper continental slope starting around 2050 AD.     

Experimental study on the effectiveness of TLDs under wave loading

The objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the effectiveness of Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs) for suppressing the dynamic response of a platform structure subjected to wave loading and to explore the applicability of TLDs for suppressing the structural vibration of fixed offshore platforms. The experimental model is scaled according to a full size platform by matching its dynamic properties. Rectangular and circular TLDs of various sizes and water depths are examined.The experiments were performed in a 2-D wave flume. The effectiveness of TLDs is evaluated based on their response reduction. By observing the performance and the behavior of TLDs through laboratory experiments, the effects of a number of parameters including container shape, container size, number of dampers, frequency ratio, mass ratio, and incident wave characteristics are investigated.     

单元路网长度的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据去饱和方法

近年来DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据被广泛应用到人类活动强度及城市化进程的研究中,但由于OLS传感器的限制导致,在夜间灯光强度过高的城市中心区,NTL数据存在较为明显的饱和现象。这种饱和现象直接掩盖了城市中心区内部的灯光差异、细节,限制了DMSP/OLS数据在城市中心区的应用。目前缓解灯光数据饱和的方法主要分为:辐射定标法和非辐射定标法。其中辐射定标法虽精度较高,但定标算法复杂,干扰因素多,目前只有部分定标产品;非辐射定标法利用辅助数据(包括自然因素指标、社会经济指标)构建函数模型,对饱和区稳定灯光数据进行去饱和处理,具有较好修正效果。本文在总结VANUI(基于NDVI所构建)、EANTLI(基于EVI所构建)等去饱和指数的基础上,利用地理探测器对NDVI、EVI和UNL(单元路网长度)进行因子探测,量化对稳定灯光数据的解释力,提出了UNLI指数。为了验证UNLI、EANTLI及NTL数据之间的差异,通过"饱和区灯光强度细节刻画程度"、"UNLI、EANTLI与辐射定标数据RCNTL相关性分析"、"耗电量及GDP等经济指标回归拟合优度"3个方面进行比对分析,可以看出:(1)UNLI、EANTLI在修正过饱和灯光数据上均有较好的效果,但UNLI对饱和区灯光强度差异的刻画更加准确;(2)UNLI较之VANUI、EANTLI,可以突破空间分辨率的限制,增加灯光强度细节差异;(3)在灯光强度最高的饱和区,UNLI在与RCNTL的相关性最高,但随着灯光强度的减弱,UNLI、EANTLI与RCNTL的线性回归判断系数R~2逐渐接近,UNLI与RCNTL相关性优势正逐渐丧失;(4)在对耗电量、GDP的拟合分析中,引入UNLI指数的"EANTLIUNLI"的分段式修正模型,充分发挥EVI、UNL各自的优势,具有最优的拟合效果(R~2)_(Adj)=0.873)。实验结果表明,本文引入的修正夜间灯光饱和方法,能够有效的缓解城市中心区的灯光数据饱和问题,并在细节刻画和空间分辨率上有较为明显的提升,可以更精确的从灯光强度的角度反映城市结构的特征。     

饱和度对泥质粉砂岩冻结力学性质的影响

饱和度对泥质粉砂岩常温下力学性质的影响已多有讨论,但对其冻结状态下力学性质的影响尚不明确。对6种饱和度（0%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%）的泥质粉砂岩样品冻结前后的纵波波速、核磁共振T₂谱、冻结状态下的抗拉强度和点荷载强度进行了测试,试验结果表明：（1）冻结状态下,随饱和度的增加,纵波波速呈现先降低后升高的趋势;（2）在-20℃下,完全饱和样品内部孔隙水有49.2%保持未冻,60%饱和度的样品有81.4%未冻,而20%饱和度样品有87.4%的孔隙水没有冻结;（3）冻结状态下岩样的抗拉强度和点荷载强度随初始饱和度的增加均呈现减小-增加-减小的趋势,在饱和度80%左右均有一极大值,且两个强度的最大值均不出现在饱和度100%时。分析后发现,在低饱和度的状态下,冻结岩石的强度仍取决于孔隙中的未冻水含量;而在高饱和度的区间,孔隙冰的含量决定了其冻结强度;对于接近饱和的岩石,其冻结强度还受到冻胀损伤的影响。     

山东苍山羊山金矿床地质特征

山东省苍山县羊山金矿床位于沂沭断裂带以西，燕甘断裂南段东侧，赋存于九龙群三山子组地层中，矿体受NE向次级构造控制，呈脉状产出，为与燕山期岩浆活动密切相关的中低温热液(充填)型金矿床。     

Modeling the spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption in Mainland China using saturation-corrected DMSP/OLS nighttime stable light data

Obtaining timely and accurate data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption (EPC) is crucial for the effective utilization of electric power in China. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime stable light (NSL) data have good potential for estimating EPC effectively at large scales. However, saturated lighted pixels contained within the NSL data limit the accuracy of EPC estimation. We developed a new method to correct the saturated lighted pixels, using the SPOT VEGETATION (SPOT/VGT) 10-day synthesis product (S10) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and then modeled the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC in Mainland China from 2000 to 2008. The results demonstrated the reliability of our approach with an average R value of 0.93 (P<0.001) and an average relative error of ?28.92%. EPC in Mainland China showed an average annual growth rate of 13.46% during the study period from 1198.23 billion kWh in 2000 to 3290.51 billion kWh in 2008. EPC in Mainland China also showed clear regional variation. Northern coastal China and eastern coastal China consumed 37.61% of the total EPC in Mainland China, with only 25.96% of the population and 6.11% of the area.