动静结合方法计算储层水淹后地层混合液电阻率技术及其在剩余油饱和度解释中的应用——以吉林扶余油田泉四段油层为例

针对国内注水开发油田水淹层测井解释中地层混合液电阻率(Rz)难以确定的问题,提出了一套动静结合确定Rz的新技术。该技术以开发井投产初期含水率资料为基础,结合静态研究成果,反演投产层的地层混合液电阻率(Rz),进而标定井筒中泥浆滤液电阻率(Rmf),在此基础上,应用自然电位测井的基本原理,可以计算垂向上各层的地层混合液电阻率(Rz)。对于初期投产层为单层和多层两种情况,提出了一种迭代算法,均能实现Rz的反演和Rmf的准确标定。以该技术为基础,针对已经进入高含水阶段的扶余油田泉四段油层开展水淹层测井资料的二次解释。通过与密闭取心检查井岩心分析数据对比,剩余油饱和度误差平均为6%。     

Evolution of the Moxizhuang Oil Field, Central Junggar Basin, Northwest China

Current oil saturation in the Moxizhuang (莫西庄) Oil Field in central Janggar (准噶尔) basin was evaluated by logging interpretation and measured on core samples, and the paleo-oil saturation in both the pay zones and water zones was investigated by graln-containing-oil inclusion (GOI) analysis.The pay zones in this field have low oil saturation and display low resistivity and small contrast between pay zones and water zones, and are classified as low-porosity, low oil saturation, and low resistivity reservoirs. Both the current low oil-saturation pay zones and the water zones above 4 365 m have high GOI values (up to 38%), suggesting high paleo-oil saturation. The significant difference between current oil saturation from both logging interpretation and core sample measurement and paleo-oil saturation indicated by GOI analysis suggests that this low oil-saturation field evolved from a high oil-saturation pool. Lateral re-migration and spill of formally trapped oil owing to changes in structural configuration since Neogene was the most plausible mechanism for oil loss in the Moxizhuang Oil Field.The combined effects of differential accumulation in the charge phase and the differential re-migration and spill of accumulated oil in Neogene are responsible for the complicated correlation between residual oil saturation and porosity/permeability of the reservoir sandstones and the distribution of low oil-saturation pay zones and paleo-oil zones (current water zones).     

A GIS‐based variable source area hydrology model

Effective control of nonpoint source pollution from contaminants transported by runoff requires information about the source areas of surface runoff. Variable source hydrology is widely recognized by hydrologists, yet few methods exist for identifying the saturated areas that generate most runoff in humid regions. The Soil Moisture Routing model is a daily water balance model that simulates the hydrology for watersheds with shallow sloping soils. The model combines elevation, soil, and land use data within the geographic information system GRASS, and predicts the spatial distribution of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, saturation‐excess overland flow (i.e., surface runoff), and interflow throughout a watershed. The model was applied to a 170 hectare watershed in the Catskills region of New York State and observed stream flow hydrographs and soil moisture measurements were compared to model predictions. Stream flow prediction during non‐winter periods generally agreed with measured flow resulting in an average r² of 0·73, a standard error of 0·01 m³/s, and an average Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency R² of 0·62. Soil moisture predictions showed trends similar to observations with errors on the order of the standard error of measurements. The model results were most accurate for non‐winter conditions. The model is currently used for making management decisions for reducing non‐point source pollution from manure spread fields in the Catskill watersheds which supply New York City's drinking water. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MODELLING RUNOFF GENERATION ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS: CAN REAL WORLD RUNOFF RESPONSES BE CAPTURED?

This paper focuses on the problem of quantifying real world catchment response using a distributed model and discusses the ability of the model to capture that response. The rainfall–runoff responses of seven small agricultural catchments in the eastern wheatbelt region of south-western Australia are examined. The variability in runoff generation and the factors that contribute to that variability (i.e. rainfall intensity, soil properties and topography) are investigated to determine if their influence can be captured in a mathematical model. The spatially distributed rainfall–runoff model used in this study is based on the TOPMODEL concepts of Beven and Kirkby (1979), and simulates runoff generation by both the infiltration excess and saturation excess mechanisms. Simulations with the model revealed the highly complex nature of catchment response to rainfall events. Runoff generation was highly heterogeneous in both space and time, with the runoff response being governed by the spatial variability of soil properties and topography, and by the temporal variation in rainfall intensity. Although the model proved capable of simulating catchment response for many events, the investigation has demonstrated that not all aspects of the variability associated with agricultural catchments (particularly the effects of land management) can be captured using this relatively simple model. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

A Correction Algorithm for Atmospheric Visibility Based on Fog Droplet Size Data Obtained on a Moving Ship During 2016 Arctic Cruise

In this study, we measured the droplet size distribution(DSD) and visibility of sea fog using a fog droplet spectrometer and visibility meter, respectively, during the July 23-August 3 and August 22-September 13 periods of the 2016 Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. We calculated the visibility using the Mie theory and the DSD data and then compared the calculated with the observed visibility. The comparison shows that the deviations in the calculated visibility caused by DSD data sampling errors cannot be ignored. During navigation, wind and ship speeds tended to push or pull the sampled air and cause turbulence pulsation, which influenced the sampling of the fog droplet spectrometer. This influence is weak when the liquid water content(LWC) is high but becomes stronger as the LWC decreases. Taking the sailing speed and heading into consideration, the wind speed component parallel and perpendicular to the air inlet of the fog droplet spectrometer exhibit different laws in the deviation. By performing a fitting analysis of the calculated and observed visibilities under different wind speeds and wind directions, here, we present two sets of correction coefficients for the two wind-speed components and a method for correcting the calculated visibility. This correction method shows excellent results.     

南海北部荔湾3区块天然气水合物分布特征及目标识别

针对天然气水合物钻探与取样难以解决的水合物矿体空间展布等问题,利用白云-荔湾凹陷高密度分析重新处理的三维地震资料,首先基于模糊数学的多属性融合技术对水合物分布进行刻画;再通过高分辨率速度场对浅层开展高分辨率宽频无井反演技术,提高了水合物层分辨率;最后,利用岩石物理方法及多种模型对水合物饱和度进行定量预测,实现了对5～6m厚水合物层的有效辨别,进而形成了一套适合于孔隙充填型的水合物矿藏目标识别评方法。结果表明:应用该技术可有效对荔湾3水合物富集区第四条带水合物空间刻画,揭示出该区水合物饱和度最高可超40%,同时薄层与厚层水合物具有明显互层分布特征,在水合物矿体刻画及饱和度预测基础上,进一步对该区实施了井位优选,该方法预测的水合物层与实际钻探H1和H2站位吻合较好。这些结果说明常规三维油气地震数据在经过宽频处理后可应用于高分辨率水合物勘探,节约经济成本,同时提高了常规地震在水合物勘探中精度与实用性。     

Effects of periodic saturation on stress–strain relationship of a sandstone mixture

While a crushed sandstone particle mixture, usually used as an engineering fill, is filled along bank of or in a large reservoir, it is subjected to periodic saturation induced by filling-drawdown cycles of reservoir water. The periodic saturation may induce post-construction settlement, and reduce stability of the filled body. In order to evaluate the effects of periodic saturation on stress–strain relationship of the mixture, several triaxial tests are carried out. According to experimental data, the periodic saturation may induce an increment of axial strain (Δε; <0.226%), a decrement of crest of deviator stress (Δ(σ₁?σ₃)_f; <0.192?MPa) and a decrement of angle of shearing resistance (Δφ; <3.70°). With increment of the number of periodic saturation cycles, the variations of the three parameters may be fitted by logarithmic curves. And with increase in the stress level for periodic saturation, the variations of the three parameters may be fitted by straight lines. Three fitting equations to predict the three parameters’ values, and an equation to calculate the settlement induced by the periodic saturation of a large-area filled foundation, are suggested.     

胶州湾秋季文石饱和度分布及控制因素分析

基于2017-10-18航次在胶州湾调查获取的水文、碳化学和叶绿素a(Chl a)等数据与资料,分析了秋季该海域文石饱和度(Ω_arag(现场))的分布状况,探讨了影响其空间分布的主要控制因素。结果显示,秋季航次期间胶州湾表层Ω_arag(现场)为1.85～2.57,平均值为(2.20±0.24);其分布具有较大的空间差异,低值位于湾的西部和东北部(<2.05),高值位于湾口(>2.45),总体上呈现出由湾口向湾顶逐步降低的趋势。除了通过分析Ω_arag(现场)与温度、盐度和Chl a的相关性来定性确定Ω_arag(现场)的主控因素外,我们还通过引入总碱度与溶解无机碳的差值作为Ω_arag(现场)的指征参数,定量确定了影响Ω_arag(现场)空间分布的主要过程及其贡献。研究发现,陆源输入是影响胶州湾秋季Ω_arag(现场)空间分布的最重要因素(>50%),而温度和生物过程的影响相对较小。     

印度克里希纳-戈达瓦里盆地天然气水合物饱和度特征

印度国家天然气水合物计划(NGHP01)于2016年实施第1次钻探,证实了天然气水合物在印度大陆边缘的广泛分布。选择位于克里希纳-戈达瓦里盆地(KG盆地)的NGHP01-07D和NGHP01-15A钻孔,基于测井数据和岩心样品估算天然气水合物饱和度,分析天然气水合物赋存状态并探讨其形成机制。基于各向同性介质模型利用电阻率和声波测井计算NGHP01-15A钻孔的天然气水合物饱和度为0. 2%～33. 0%,平均值为9. 6%,在NGHP01-07D钻孔利用电阻率计算获得的天然气水合物饱和度高于岩心氯离子异常和气体释放获得的结果,但是基于各向同性岩石物理模型利用声波测井计算的天然气水合物饱和度与岩心结果一致,平均值为5. 0%。前人研究认为NGHP01-10D钻孔中天然气水合物以相对较高饱和度富集在高角度裂隙中。结合前人研究结果推断在克里希纳-戈达瓦里盆地存在3种不同的天然气水合物储层,即泥岩中砂质夹层各向同性储层、泥质/粉砂质高角度低连通性的低饱和度裂隙储层和泥岩中高角度高连通性的高饱和度裂隙储层,并提出对应的3种天然气水合物储层模型。     

南极绿藻中类菌胞素氨基酸对UV-B胁迫的响应

南极上空臭氧层的破坏导致了紫外辐射日益增强,高强度的UV-B辐射会造成细胞中DNA的损伤,影响蛋白质、脂类和色素的代谢过程。生长在南极的绿藻具有一系列防御机制以应对增强的UV-B辐射,其中类菌胞素氨基酸(Mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs)是一类重要的紫外防御物质。为探究类菌胞素氨基酸对UV-B辐射的响应,本文以南极冰藻(Chlamydomonassp.ICE-L)、针丝藻(Raphidonema nivale Lagerheim, NIES-2290)和胶球藻(Coccomyxa subellipsoidea E.Acton, NIES-2166)三种生活在南极的绿藻为材料,采用UV-B辐射胁迫(强度0.35 W/m~2,短时处理3 h),并通过液相色谱-质谱联用法检测类菌胞素氨基酸的种类和含量的变化。Mycosporine-glycine为三种南极绿藻中共有的MAAs,在UV-B辐射胁迫下三种南极绿藻中Mycosporine-glycine含量变化不尽相同,表明不同的南极绿藻中MAAs对UV-B辐射的响应各有其特性。首次在绿藻(南极冰藻和胶球藻)中检测到Gadusol。Gadusol作为MAAs的合成前体,它的合成积累使得生活在海冰环境的南极冰藻和胶球藻具有良好的抗UV-B辐射能力。其中南极冰藻抗紫外能力最强,这可能得益于不同MAAs间的动态转化,含量升高的Palythine及Usujirene/Palythene可能对南极冰藻的紫外屏蔽起着至关重要的作用。