ANDALUSGeoid2002: The New Gravimetric Geoid Model of Andalusia (Southern Spain)

In 1991 the first determination of a gravimetric geoid in a test area in central Spain was computed by using least square collocation. In 1995 a gravimetric geoid in the Iberian Peninsula, Ibergeo95, was calculated by FFT. Nowadays an improved geoid of Andalusia, ANDALUSGeoid2002, has been computed by fast collocation procedure and remove-restore technique in the GRS80 Reference System. The computations have been done from 16562 free-air gravity anomaly data set, obtained from IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional) and BGI (International Gravity Bureau), the Earth Gravity Model EGM96 and detailed (100 m × 100 m), coarse (5 km × 5 km) and reference (20 km × 20 km) digital terrain models. Relative carrier-phase GPS measurements at 69 benchmarks of the Spanish Levelling Network in Andalusia have been done. The standard deviations of differences between ANDALUSGeoid2002 and GPS/levelling undulations after fitting the tilt have been ± 11 cm, ± 39 cm and ± 38 cm in western, eastern and whole Andalusia, respectively. The ANDALUSGeoid2002 shows an improvement of Ibergeo95 in this territory.     

Modelling local GPS/levelling geoid undulations using artificial neural networks

The use of GPS for establishing height control in an area where levelling data are available can involve the so-called GPS/levelling technique. Modelling of the GPS/levelling geoid undulations has usually been carried out using polynomial surface fitting, least-squares collocation (LSC) and finite-element methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently been used for many investigations, and proven to be effective in solving complex problems represented by noisy and missing data. In this study, a feed-forward ANN structure, learning the characteristics of the training data through the back-propagation algorithm, is employed to model the local GPS/levelling geoid surface. The GPS/levelling geoid undulations for Istanbul, Turkey, were estimated from GPS and precise levelling measurements obtained during a field study in the period 1998–99. The results are compared to those produced by two well-known conventional methods, namely polynomial fitting and LSC, in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) that ranged from 3.97 to 5.73 cm. The results show that ANNs can produce results that are comparable to polynomial fitting and LSC. The main advantage of the ANN-based surfaces seems to be the low deviations from the GPS/levelling data surface, which is particularly important for distorted levelling networks.     

Comparison of the qualities of recent global and local gravimetric geoid models in Iran

A number of regional gravimetric geoid models have recently been determined for the Iran area, and a common problem is to select the best model, e.g. for engineering applications. A related problem is that in order to improve the local geoid models, the selection of the best Global Geopotential Model (GGM) model for the region is essential, to be used in a combined solution from GGM and local gravimetric data. We discuss these problems by taking advantage of 260 GPS/levelling points as an external tool for validation of different global and local geoid models in the absolute and relative senses. By using relative comparisons of the height differences between precise levelling and GPS/geoid models we avoid possible unknown systematic effects between the different types of observables.The study shows that the combination of the newly released GRACE model (GGM02C) with EGM96 geoid model fits the GPS/levelling data in Iran with the best absolute and relative accuracy among the GGMs. Among the local geoid models, the newly gravimetric geoid model IRG04 agrees considerably better with GPS/levelling than any of the other recent local geoid models. Its rms fit with GPS/levelling is 55 cm. Hence, we strongly recommend the use of this new model in any surveying engineering or GPS/levelling projects in the area.     

监测水准网的滤波方法

监测水准网可采用一个线性动态系统——具有随机初始状态并带有随机动态干扰的状态方程和观测方程来描述,并运用卡尔曼滤波的方法进行状态估计。本文首先讨论了有关系统模型和滤波计算的实用公式,进一步考虑到卡尔曼滤波公式中对动态噪声与测量噪声所假定的完全的验前统计知识并不能精确得知的实际情况,提出了一种改进的卡尔曼滤波方法,即以方差分量估计原理为基础的自适应滤波方法。它还具有限制模型误差(包括初始状态误差),增强滤波稳定性的效用。文中最后通过对某复测水准网的实例计算和分析,初步证实了所提方法的可行性与有效性。     

AEOLIAN BLOWOUT DYNAMICS IN SUBARCTIC LAPLAND BASED ON DECADAL LEVELLING INVESTIGATIONS

Aeolian processes in the subarctic ecocline were investigated by measuring present‐day erosion and deposition rates over a decade in blowouts scoured into stabilized Early to Mid‐Holocene dunes. Four localities from different vegetation zones in Finnish Lapland were surveyed using precision levelling (infrared tachymeter) along eight transects at 1‐m intervals. During an 11‐year observation period, a total of 1439 observation points were monitored in three measurement campaigns, in 1993, 1994 and 2004. Together with dating results reported elsewhere, the results demonstrate the relative quiescence of these subarctic blowouts compared to many coastal dunes. On average, the deflation rate of the studied basins was 8.8 mm a^‐1, which corresponds well with the age and depth of the blowouts. Net deposition had taken place at 30% of the observation points, and one of the eight studied transects showed net deposition as the transect average. Symmetrical, smooth basins showed more consistent changes than basins with a complex form, indicating that internal factors are important in blowout formation under the Lapland climatic range. The deepest part of a blowout was generally found in the upwind end. The erosion/deposition patterns of the transects over a one‐year monitoring period were interpreted with Fourier analysis revealing along‐transect cyclicity, possibly reflecting the movement of small migrating bedforms in the blowouts. Generally, deflation rates at the latitudinal pine forest line were smaller than at those well outside the pine forest suggesting that the coniferous forest at the subarctic ecocline affects the intensity of present‐day aeolian activity in Fennoscandia.     

DINI12电子水准仪记录数据标准化处理方法

电子水准仪的出现是水准测量技术的一次大的变革。在我国尚没有电子水准测量规范出台的情况下,提出了基于DINI12电子水准仪数据处理程序设计思想,对程序具有的测段提取、错误剔除、粗差探测、时间内插温度改正、尺长改正、标准化成果表生成及观测指标统计等功能进行了详述。     

Description and release of Australian gravity field model testing data

Gravimetric geoid and/or quasigeoid models are routinely evaluated using co-located GPS-levelling and/or astrogeodetic vertical deflections, globally and regionally. This short note describes these ground-truth data for Australia as of August 2017, which are provided as Electronic Supplementary Material. We provide ～7500 GPS-derived ellipsoidal heights, normal-orthometric heights from the 1971 adjustment of the Australian Height Datum, normal heights from a readjustment of levelling constrained to a model of the ocean's mean dynamic topography, and ～1000 historical astrogeodetic vertical deflections. Updates to these data will be posted on the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping GitHub repository (https://github.com/icsm-au), together with a readme.txt file describing them.     

利用重力场模型对中国陆地和岛礁GNSS水准沉降进行分析

利用现势性很强的EGM2008,EIGEN-6C,EIGEN-6C2,GO_CONS_GCF_2_DIR_R4共四个地球重力场模型,对中国沿海近岸陆地和岛礁上16个区域的1 053个GNSS水准点进行了沉降分析,最后发现中国沿海浙江省、辽宁省、上海市、天津市、广西、琼州北(琼州海峡北)、琼州南(琼州海峡南)7个区域存在沉降。